面向对象的湖北省土地覆被变化遥感快速监测

为了快速监测湖北省土地覆被变化,以HJ-CCD、TM以及ETM影像为数据源,探索出了集成面向对象技术与"3S"技术的中尺度土地覆被变化遥感流程和方法。该方法首先基于HJ-CCD影像和面向对象技术进行2010年湖北省土地覆被信息的提取,并用野外采样点对结果进行验证。在保证高精度的情况下利用向量相似性函数对湖北省2000－2005年以及2005－2010年进行变化检测,从而获得2个变化时期影像的变化区域,然后利用面向对象技术中的最邻近分类器对变化区进行自动化分类。最后分别将2期的变化结果与未变化结果融合后获得湖北省2000年、2005年和2010年的土地覆被图,在GIS中处理后建成县、市、省3级行政级别的湖北省土地覆被变化本底数据库。试验表明分类结果的总体精度为93.24%,Kappa系数为0.914;2000－2005年与2005－2010年变化检测的总体精度分别为90.88%和90.75%。同时研究发现景观破碎的地区应用面向对象技术有一定的局限性。     

县域土地整理与土地利用/覆被变化研究——以重庆市万州区为例

认为土地整理改变着土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC),并进而对其优化调控.而同时土地整理又需要土地利用/覆被变化的研究提供技术支持.加之县域土地整理是区域乃至全国土地整理目标和方向在时空推进上的具体落实,是检验和评价区域土地整理效果和跟踪监测的有效场地.因此,本文以重庆市万州区为例,就县域土地整理与土地利用/覆被变化变化作以探讨.     

The influence of scale and the spatial characteristics of landscapes on land-cover mapping using remote sensing

Statistical analyses provide a means for assessing relationships between landscape spatial pattern and errors in the estimates of cover-type proportions as land-cover data are aggregated to coarser scales. Results from a multiple-linear regression model suggest that as patch sizes, variance/mean ratio, and initial proportions of cover types increase, the proportion error moves in a positive direction and is governed by the interaction of the spatial characteristics and the scale of aggregation. However, the standard linear model does not account for the different directions of scale-dependent proportion error since some classes become larger and others become smaller as the scene is aggregated. Addition of indicator variables representing class-type significantly improves the performance by allowing the model to respond differently to different classes. A regression tree model provides a much simpler fit to the complex scaling behavior through an interaction between patch size and aggregation scale. An understanding of the relationships between landscape pattern, scale, and proportion error may advance methods for correcting land-cover area estimates. Such methods could also facilitate high-resolution calibration and validation of coarse-scale remote-sensing-based land-cover mapping algorithms. Ongoing initiatives to produce global land-cover datasets from remote sensing, such as efforts within the IGBP and the EOS MODIS Land-Team, include significant emphasis on high level calibration and validation activities of this nature.     

基于极化分解和集成学习的PolSAR影像分类

为实现PolSAR数据极化信息的充分利用,以进一步改善分类效果,该研究提出了一种基于极化分解和集成学习的PolSAR影像分类方法。该方法首先利用多种极化分解方法从PolSAR影像中提取极化参数;将提取的极化参数组合成一幅多通道影像;然后对多通道影像进行分割和特征提取,分别提取出各目标极化分解方法所对应的特征;并进行特征选择和分类,得到各目标极化分解方法的分类结果;最后利用集成学习技术对各分类结果进行集成。该研究以吉林省长春市部分区域为研究区,Radarsat2影像为数据源,将提出的方法应用于土地覆被分类中,取得了较好的分类效果,总体精度和Kappa系数分别达到了92.49%和0.90。此外,该研究还将提出方法与其他基于多种极化分解的分类方法进行比较,对比方法的总体精度和Kappa系数分别为90.74%和0.88,比提出方法分别低1.75%和0.02,对比结果进一步证明了提出方法的优越性。     

Analysing land-cover changes in relation to environmental variables in Hesse,Germany

Land-use and land-cover changes affect ecological landscape functions and processes. Hence, landscape ecologists have a central interest in a comprehensive understanding of such changes. Our study focuses on the relationships between environmental conditions and agricultural land-cover changes. We present a method to (i) characterise the major spatial-temporal processes of land-cover changes, (ii) identify the correlations between environmental attributes and land-cover changes and (iii) derive potential environmental drivers of land-cover changes in a German marginal rural landscape. The method was applied to study land-cover dynamics from 1945 to 1998 in the districts of Erda, Steinbrücken and Eibelshausen, situated in the marginal rural landscape of the Lahn-Dill Highlands, Germany. We employed land-cover data gained by the interpretation of multi-temporal aerial photographs. Various environmental variables were introduced into the analyses. We identified physical landscape attributes (elevation, slope, aspect, available water capacity and soil texture) and structural landscape dimensions (patch size, patch shape and distance between patch and nearest settlement). With the aid of GIS, K-means partitioning and canonical correspondence analysis, we investigated land-cover trajectory types, land-cover transitions at individual time intervals and their relationships to these environmental variables. Our results show that, between 1945 and 1998, land-cover changes correlated with the physical attributes of the underlying landscape. On the other hand, the structural landscape dimensions correlated with land cover only in periods of minor land-cover changes (1972–98). Greater diversity of physical landscape attributes is correlated with greater land-cover dynamics. Besides the important influence of socio-economic factors, land-cover changes in the study areas took place within the relatively stable physical constraints of the underlying landscape.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

1987-2017年莱州湾沿岸土地利用变化及其对海岸线变化的影响

[目的]阐释莱州湾沿岸土地利用变化及其对海岸线的影响,为政府以及相关部门在进行海岸线规划提供土地利用方面的数据支撑。[方法]提取莱州湾近岸1987-2017年的土地利用变化信息以及海岸线空间分布,计算土地利用程度指数,随后利用DSAS计算相邻时相海岸线各段的变化速率,通过ArcGIS软件的叠加分析工具,得到影响各个时相海岸线变化速率和海岸线长度的信息。[结果]①1987-2017年,水产养殖用地、盐场用地以及建设用地面积逐渐增加;内陆水体面积总体呈增加趋势;裸地呈减少趋势;草地和耕地则先增加后减少;林地变化不明显。②土地利用程度逐渐变强,土地利用程度强等级由零散点分布变为集中面状分布。③土地利用以围填海的形式影响海岸线的变化速率。莱州湾内部的围海和人工填海使得岸线向海推进。黄河泥沙淤积填海使得黄河三角洲处的岸线向海推进,而该处岸线的背海移动则主要受到海水影响。[结论]莱州湾沿岸土地利用变化明显,土地利用程度逐年变强。土地利用以围填海的形式影响海岸线的变化速率,使得海岸线既有向海推进又有背海移动。裸地和水产养殖用地为1987-2005年影响海岸线长度的主导因素,建设用地和裸地为2005-2017年影响海岸线长度的主导因素。     

降水年型对黑土区土壤水分动态变化的影响

利用长期定位试验,研究了黑土区不同降水年型下荒地、裸地和农田土壤水分的变化特征.结果表明,降水年型能够影响不同植被类型下土壤水分的季节性动态变化和垂直变化.丰水年不同植被类型土壤含水量均呈"v"型曲线变化,最低值出现在7月份,观测期内裸地较高;平水年呈"W"型曲线变化,分别在6月份和8月份出现两个低值,不同植被类型表现为裸地>荒地>农田;枯水年除裸地在观测后期土壤含水量略有增加外,荒地和农田均持续下降.降水年型对土壤水分变异系数的影响表现为枯水年>平水年>丰水年.其中荒地土壤水分变化最为剧烈,表现在枯水年出现了速变层,而在丰水分内次活跃层也较农田向土壤深层延伸,其次为农田和裸地.     

黑龙江省大庆市土地利用/覆被变化及其驱动力分析

为探讨资源型城市土地利用/覆被变化的驱动力,该文以黑龙江省大庆地区为研究对象,基于该研究区1978、1988、1992、1996、2001年5个时段的MSS和TM影像数据,获取20余年不同时期的土地利用信息,以GIS技术为数据集成分析平台,采用单一动态度、土地利用转移矩阵模型,定量刻画该研究区土地利用/覆被动态变化过程,并结合大庆地区发展实际,归纳总结出其土地利用/覆被变化的驱动因子.利用主成分分析和多元回归分析模型,分析了大庆地区五类主要土地利用/覆被类型变化的驱动机制.结果表明,大庆地区草地面积变化主要由该地区总人口、第二产业比值和天然气产量所决定;耕地面积变化主要由单位油井产油量、农村机械总动力决定;盐碱地和沙地面积变化主要由单位油井产量和工业产值决定;湿地面积变化主要由人口的快速增长和工业的快速发展决定的;而建筑用地面积变化主要由人口的增长以及油田建设用地增加所决定.总之,大庆地区土地利用/覆被类型的变化主要是石油资源的开发与利用驱动的.     

长江三峡库区土地覆被类型对坡面产沙的影响

 为探讨长江上游三峡库区的产沙时空变异与环境变化的关系,选择重庆四面山为试验地点,分析不同土地覆被类型对坡面产沙的影响。针对当地不同地类,设置30个小型坡面土壤流失观测区,分析不同土地覆被坡面的产沙差异。结果表明,当地坡面流失的泥沙主要来源于坡耕地和裸地,25°以上陡坡耕地侵蚀的泥沙量,约占坡面产沙总量的50%。土地覆被状况对于泥沙的产生有重要影响,同等条件下,若林地土地覆被率达到70%～80%,则能够减少71.05%～95.58%的泥沙产生量。     

Transitions in forest fragmentation: implications for restoration opportunities at regional scales

Where the potential natural vegetation is continuous forest (e.g., eastern US), a region can be divided into smaller units (e.g., counties, watersheds), and a graph of the proportion of forest in the largest patch versus the proportion in anthropogenic cover can be used as an index of forest fragmentation. If forests are not fragmented beyond that converted to anthropogenic cover, there would be only one patch in the unit and its proportional size would equal 1 minus the percentage of anthropogenic cover. For a set of 130 watersheds in the mid-Atlantic region, there was a transition in forest fragmentation between 15 and 20% anthropogenic cover. The potential for mitigating fragmentation by connecting two or more disjunct forest patches was low when percent anthropogenic cover was low, highest at moderate proportions of anthropogenic cover, and again low as the proportion of anthropogenic cover increased toward 100%. This fragmentation index could be used to prioritize locations for restoration by targeting watersheds where there would be the greatest increase in the size of the largest forest patch.