Identification and quantification of anthocyanins in different coloured cultivars of ornamental kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC)

Anthocyanins are responsible for the colour of many fruits, vegetables, flowers, and coloured-leaved trees. Ornamental kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC) is widely cultivated for its colourful inner leaves. To investigate the relationship between the degree of colouration and anthocyanin distribution, content, and composition in ornamental kale, the authors studied the pigment characteristics of five cultivars with different coloured leaves (white, pink, red, purple, and purple-black). Microscopy observation, spectrophotometer, and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis of fresh inner leaves revealed that pink, red, and purple colourations were associated with high levels of anthocyanin, while purple-black was the result of the combination of anthocyanins and chlorophyll. In the coloured cultivars, anthocyanins were abundant mainly in the first and second cell layers below the epidermis in both the hypocotyls and inner leaves. No anthocyanin was found in the white-leaved phenotype cultivar. Anthocyanin content increased as leaf colour deepened from pink, red, to purple cultivars, which had little chlorophyll and carotenoid. The authors identified eight anthocyanins in the four coloured cultivars, including one non-acylated, four monoacylated, and three diacylated cyanidin glycosides. Cyanidin-3-(sinapoyl)(feruloyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside was the most abundant anthocyanin in the four coloured cultivars followed by cyanidin-3-(sinapoyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside. The analysis of anthocyanin accumulation characterisation provides important information on evaluating colouration patterns in coloured plants, and will be helpful for breeding desired leaf colours in ornamental kale.     

Antioxidant properties of blackberry and blueberry fruits grown in the Black Sea Region of Turkey

Seven wild and ten cultivated blackberries (Arapaho, Bartin, Black Satin, Bursa 1, Bursa 2, Cherokee, Chester, Jumbo, Navaho, and Ness), and six lowbush (Vaccinium arctostaphylos) and four highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum) blueberries fruits (Ivanhoe, Jersey, Northland, and Rekord) were analyzed for total anthocyanins, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity as ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) in this study. The respective ranges of total anthocyanin and total phenolic contents of the tested samples were: blackberries, 0.95–1.97 and 1.73–3.79 mg g⁻¹ and blueberries, 0.18–2.94 and 0.77–5.42 mg g⁻¹. FRAP values varied from 35.05 to 70.41 μmol g⁻¹ for blackberries, 7.41 to 57.92 μmol g⁻¹ for blueberries. Wild blackberries had the highest FRAP values while wild blueberries had the highest total phenolic and total anthocyanin contents. A linear relationship was observed between FRAP values and total phenolics for blueberries (r = 0.981). The anthocyanin pigments in samples were isolated and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV–visible detection. Cyn-3-glu was the predominant anthocyanin in all blackberry fruits.     

New types of major anthocyanins detected in Japanese garden iris and its wild forms

The anthocyanins of 130 cultivars, 13 lines and 3 wild forms of Iris ensata were analyzed by HPLC, and these plants were classified into 16 types of major anthocyanins. Among these types, 8 types such as petunidin 3RGac5G – delphinidin 3RGac5G, delphinidin 3RGac5G – petunidin 3RGac5G, cyanidin 3RGac5G – peonidin 3RGac5G, delphinidin 3RG – delphinidin 3RGac, petunidin 3RG5G – malvidin 3RG5G, malvidin 3RG5G – peonidin 3RG5G, peonidin 3RG5G – cyanidin 3RG5G and peonidin 3RG – cyanidin 3RG were obtained as new types. In these new types, peonidin 3RG – cyanidin 3RG and peonidin 3RG5G – cyanidin 3RG5G types were noteworthy because cyanidin 3RG and cyanidin 3RG5G are useful for the breeding of red flowers in I. ensata. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Antimicrobial effects of black rice extract on Helicobacter pylori infection in Mongolian gerbil

It has been reported that cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (C3G) is an inhibitor of Helicobacter pylori toxin secretion. C3G is classified as an anthocyanin and is a major component of black rice extract (BRE). The present study aimed to identify a new functional food material to prevent H. pylori infection in Mongolian gerbil model. Toxicity in the liver and kidney were not detected after BRE administration (10 or 50 mg/kg). BRE treatment reduced bacterial colonization in animal gastric tissue, as well as infection signs as observed on the analysis of the hematological data. It was also found that the relative mRNA levels of the inflammatory cytokines were reduced in BRE-treated groups. These findings suggest that BRE acts as a potent inhibitor of H. pylori infection and pathogenesis in Mongolian gerbils. We propose that BRE may be used to manage gastroduodenal diseases caused by H. pylori infection.     

高效液相色谱法测定红甘蓝中矢车菊色素含量

试验建立了红甘蓝提取物中矢车菊色素含量的高效液相色谱测定方法。采用资生堂C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm);以甲醇:甲酸水(1:10)=40:60(v/v)作流动相分析矢车菊色素;流速为1.0mL·min-1;柱温为室温;检测波长为530nm。结果表明,红甘蓝提取物中的矢车菊色素含量为0.11‰,平均回收率为104.5%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.5%(n=5)。该方法快速、准确、重复性好。     

苹果属观赏海棠McUFGT的克隆及其在不同叶色品种间的表达差异分析

为探讨UFGT基因在观赏海棠叶片呈色过程中的作用,以观赏海棠常紫红色类品种‘王族’叶片总RNA为模板,通过RACE扩增,获得一个长度为2 186 bp的cDNA序列,其编码区共1 425 bp,编码475个氨基酸,命名为McUFGT。利用高效液相色谱法和实时荧光定量PCR技术,对3个不同叶色的观赏海棠品种‘王族’（叶片常紫红色类）、‘绚丽’（新叶红色类）和‘火焰’（叶片常绿色类）叶片中的花色素苷含量、McUFGT相对表达量进行测定分析。结果表明,在3个品种中矢车菊色素苷是主要的花色素苷物质,并且随着叶片的生长发育,不同叶色品种间矢车菊色素苷差异显著,其中以叶片常紫红色品种‘王族’矢车菊色素苷积累最多。同时矢车菊色素苷含量的变化与McUFGT相对表达量变化趋势基本一致,说明McUFGT在苹果属观赏海棠叶片花色素苷合成及色泽形成过程中具有重要的作用。     

火棘中矢车菊素的分离及稳定性研究

研究了火棘中矢车菊素的分离条件及矢车菊素的稳定性。结果表明,超声提取法是提取火棘红色素的较理想方法;矢车菊素3葡萄糖苷在90℃和9％盐酸中水解11 min,可以顺利得到其苷元矢车菊素;以苯、乙酸乙酯、甲酸(2∶2∶1)为展开剂的硅胶薄层层析法分离矢车菊素的效果较好;矢车菊素对热和光较稳定,在酸性条件下稳定,对Co2+和Bi3+不敏感,对Zn2+、Fe3+、Cu2+不稳定。     

P-coumaroyl glycosides of cyanidin and peonidin in the flowers of Japanese garden iris,Iris ensata Thunb.

Summary The anthocyanins in outer perianths of seven varieties and one telotrisomic line of Japanese garden iris, Iris ensata Thunb., were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography procedures. Two new anthocyanins, peonidin 3RGac5G and cyanidin 3RGac5G were putatively detected in this species, and peonidin 3RGac5G was the major anthocyanin for all the varieties except Telotri-1 and cyanidin 3RGac5G the major anthocyanin for Telotri-1. Moreover, cyanidin 3RGac5G and peonidin 3RGac5G are useful anthocyanins for the breeding of red and magenta flowers. Finally, the breeding strategy for new flower varieties using cyanidin 3RGac5G and peonidin 3RGac5G was discussed.Contribution from the Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, Japan, No. 84.     

高温胁迫对‘索邦’百合花色合成的影响

为精准探究高温胁迫对百合开花品质的影响，以东方百合‘索邦’为试验材料，研究了不同发育阶段的花苞经过不同温度和不同时间处理后，盛花期花径、花色和矢车菊素含量的变化，以及温度处理过程中矢车菊素合成通路的3个关键基因LhCHS、LhF3H和LhANS的表达量变化。结果显示：S5－S6时期是‘索邦’百合花苞显色的关键时期；花苞在高于30 ℃温度培养4 d后，盛花期花径显著变小，矢车菊含量显著降低，花被片颜色变浅； qRT-PCR结果显示，花苞显色的关键时期，遇到30 ℃以上的高温处理导致LhCHS、LhF3H、LhANS等花青素合成基因表达量显著下调，从而影响盛花期花色的合成。     

古茶树优系矢车菊素分析

采用高效液相色谱法,以春梢一芽二叶为研究对象,定量分析4个古茶树优系矢车菊素的含量。结果表明,高效液相色谱仪测定古茶树矢车菊素含量最合适的流动相A为超纯水,流动相B为乙腈,体积比为1:9。古茶4号的矢车菊素含量最高,而古茶2号矢车菊素含量较低,且均显著高于或低于对照福鼎大白茶。