通过花药漂浮培养提高花椰菜小孢子胚胎发生率

通过花药漂浮培养,成功地诱导两个秋花椰菜基因型的小孢子胚胎发生.在液体培养基与固、液体双层培养基上,小孢子胚胎产量相仿,但后者褐色胚产生较多.在液体培养基中加入62.5mg/L的硝酸银对诱导小孢子胚胎发生效果较好.试验结果表明,采用花药漂浮培养方法可以明显提高花椰菜小孢子胚产量.     

Alteration in important quality traits and antioxidant activities in Brassica oleracea with Ogura cybrid cytoplasm

In vegetable brassicas, cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system is the most preferred mechanism for hybrid seed production and Ogura cybrid cytoplasm is the only source used widely. Effects of the alien cybrid cytoplasm on important quality traits need to be understood for their effective use in breeding programme. In analysing 38 Ogura cybrid cytoplasm‐based cauliflower CMS lines, it was revealed that introgression of Ogura cytoplasm resulted in significant alteration in important quality traits. Cupric reducing antioxidant activity and ferric reducing ability of plasma values were increased up to 5–10 times in different genotypes. Among 38 analysed CMS lines, concentration of plant pigments such as anthocyanin, total chlorophylls and ascorbic acid was reduced in 21, 17 and 32 genotypes, respectively. However, the concentration of total carotenoids and β‐carotene was elevated in most of the CMS lines and total carotenoid was increased up to 20 times in the CMS line, Ogu13‐85‐2A. The results indicate the role of nuclear–cytoplasmic interaction and mitochondrial genome in determining concentration of different quality traits.     

花椰菜花球球径的发育遗传研究

利用包括基因与环境互作的加性-显性遗传模型对6个花椰菜品种(系)完全双列杂交实验的2年观察资料进行花球球径不同发育阶段的遗传分析。结果表明:年份间的环境差异对亲本和F1的球径表现影响较小,球径在整个发育期主要受加性效应控制,不存在基因型×环境互作效应,选用瑞雪70天、c-3、c-5为亲本配置组合,能够使其后代在10月中下旬前在平均球径的基础上增大球径;而福州80天和c-8这2个亲本的表现恰好相反。进一步对不同发育阶段的平均球径进行条件遗传分析发现,加性主效应和显性主效应在球径增大的大部分时期都有新的表达,且不易受到年份等外部条件的影响,但这些新表达的效应在10月12日之前和之后表现为相反的方向。成熟期球径给定不同发育时期性状的条件遗传分析表明,在各个时期均检测到显著的条件加性方差(10月24日除外)和条件显性方差,10月6日之前的净加性表达效应的作用占最终球径表现变异的88.8%。     

设施番茄灰霉病菌孢子扩散动态与田间病情相关性

以捕捉孢子的方法观察设施番茄灰霉病菌分生孢子扩散的时间和空间动态,结果表明番茄灰霉病菌分生孢子在温棚内扩散是随机的,不同高度孢子捕捉量没有明显差异.番茄灰霉菌分生孢子扩散主要集中在白天,从8：00到20：00,孢子捕捉量占全天总量的88.4 % ,而8：00以前和20：00以后孢子捕捉量较小,仅占全天总量的11.6% ,每日10：00 后捕孢量开始迅速增加,而16：00 后明显下降以10：00～16：00 的捕孢量最多最稳定,1d中最大捕孢量出现在12：00～14：00 时.分生孢子捕捉量与对应田间病情指数呈显著正相关（R=0.8850,P〈0.01）,因此通过捕捉分生孢子,并监测其扩散动态,预测番茄灰霉病的发生期及防治适期具备可行性.     

小孢子培养获得松花型花椰菜DH再生植株

对5个松花型花椰菜(Brassica oleraceavar.botrytisL.)杂种一代的小孢子培养研究表明,小孢子胎胚发生主要依赖于基因型,庆农65天的每花蕾胚状体产量最高,平均达15.5个。松花菜的胚状体萌发率一般在30%左右,并有效地获得了大量的DH再生植株。冷激预处理能显著地影响花椰菜小孢子的胚胎发生,但供体材料间存在不同的结果。结球期和开花结角期再生植株的生育期与育性出现较大分离,可育且能正常结角的比例约占全部小孢子再生植株的50%以上,因而不再需要加倍处理。     

花椰菜细胞质雄性不育系的细胞学研究

以花椰菜细胞质雄性不育系09-R9为试材,以可育材料24为对照,采用常规石蜡切片技术,对花椰菜细胞质雄性不育系的花药败育过程进行细胞学研究。结果表明：花椰菜细胞质雄性不育系的花药可以形成部分外形正常的花粉囊,但囊内物质随着花蕾的发育逐渐解体,最终这种不正常的花粉囊全部解体消失。不育系花药发育受阻于花粉母细胞形成之前,此时花粉囊内未见绒毡层,可能是其本身并未形成绒毡层。     

乙烯利对红地球葡萄采后灰霉病发生的影响

对经不同浓度乙烯利处理的红地球葡萄果实接种灰霉葡萄孢霉菌后发病率的调查与测定,结果表明,在各贮藏期间,红地球葡萄灰霉病发病率随着处理浓度加大和贮藏期延长而增加,乙烯利加速了红地球葡萄在贮藏保鲜过程中易受灰霉病菌侵染而腐烂霉变。     

Genotypic diversity and migration of clonal lineages of Botrytis cinerea from chickpea fields of Bangladesh inferred by microsatellite markers

An analysis of allelic diversity at nine microsatellite loci provided an insight into the population structure of Botrytis cinerea from four fields (sampled in 2003 and 2004) that represented important regional locations for chickpea production in Bangladesh. Although three populations were limited by sample size after clone‐correction, a total of 51 alleles were amplified among 146 B. cinerea isolates from Bangladesh, which revealed a high amount of within‐population and overall genetic diversity (H_S = 0·48 and H_T = 0·54, respectively). The percentage of maximal genotypic diversity (G) ranged between populations (G = 23–40), with a total of 69 haplotypes detected (G = 25). Bayesian cluster analysis depicted two major clusters distributed among the four Bangladesh populations, indicating population admixture from two origins that have spread throughout these regions. Genotype flow between regions was detected and indicated the spread of clonal lineages, consistent with relatively low differentiation among the four populations (mean G_ST = 0·1, P < 0·05). These results highlighted the potential threat of host resistance breakdown as a result of considerable genetic diversity, genotype flow and the evolutionary potential of B. cinerea.     

百合灰霉病高效杀菌剂的筛选和联合作用研究

在室内采用菌丝生长速率抑制法测定了6种杀菌剂对百合灰霉病菌的毒力。结果表明:1)异菌脲,百菌清,多菌灵,苯霜灵,已唑醇,腈菌唑6种原药对百合灰霉病菌的EC50值分别为130.7528、1.2479、3.9247、34.524 0、7.9625和10.1775 mg/L。其中,百菌清的毒力最高,其EC50为1.2479 mg/L,多菌灵次之,其EC50为3.924 7 mg/L,异菌脲的毒力最低,其EC50为130.7528 mg/L。2)不同配比的的腈菌唑和异菌脲混剂均对百合灰霉病菌有抑菌活力,但不同配比,对百合灰霉病菌的抑制率不同,当m(腈菌唑)与m(异菌脲)的配比为2∶8时,菌丝的菌落直径最小,抑菌效果最佳,为最佳配比。3)测定异菌脲和腈菌唑混剂对百合灰霉病菌的毒力回归,并计算EC50,以异菌脲为标准杀菌剂,计算各复配剂的共毒系数,m(异菌脲)和m(腈菌唑)以2∶8的配比混配,其共毒系数为130大于100,具有明显的增效作用。     

Epidemiology of dark leaf spot caused by Alternaria brassicicola and A. brassicae in organic seed production of cauliflower

In organic seed production of Brassica vegetables, infections by Alternaria brassicicola and A. brassicae can cause severe losses of yield and seed quality. Four field experiments with or without artificial inoculation with A. brassicicola were conducted in organically managed seed‐production crops of cauliflower cv. Opaal RZ in 2005 and 2006 in the Netherlands. The development of A. brassicicola and A. brassicae on pod tissues and developing seeds was followed and seed quality was assessed. Alternaria brassicicola was externally present on 1·2% of the seeds 14 days after flowering and observed internally within 4 weeks after flowering. In both seasons, seed colonization by the pathogen increased slowly until maturation but sharply increased during maturation. A similar pattern was found for the colonization of pod tissues by A. brassicicola as quantified by TaqMan‐PCR. The incidence of A. brassicicola on mature seeds reached 70–90%. Internal colonization was found for 62–80% of the seeds. External and internal seed colonization by A. brassicae was much lower, with incidences below 3%. The quality of harvested seeds was generally low, with less than 80% of seeds able to germinate. Seed quality was not affected by warm water treatments. It was concluded that A. brassicicola and A. brassicae have the potential to infect pods and seeds soon after flowering. For the production of high quality seeds, producers must prevent such early infections. Therefore, new control measures are needed for use in organic cropping systems.