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1.
Abstract. Usual residue-management options are to remove the residue, use it as mulch with or without undercutting or to incorporate it into the soil. While the role of surface mulch in evaporation has been widely studied, the information on the effect on evaporation of mulch with undercutting or residue incorporated into soil, particularly in relation to soil type and evaporativity (Eo) is lacking. We studied the effect of wheat straw used in various ways on the course of evaporation loss from soil columns with three soils at Ludhiana, India and one soil at Bushland, Texas, USA, under two Eo's Energy-limited evaporation rates under mulch (Eom) followed the soil-specific relation Eom/Eo= a e(bRes+cEo), where Res is residue rate t/ha and a, b and c are constants; Eo, is expressed in mm/d. In an effort to model the total evaporation (CE) during the energy-limited stage ‘U’ was obtained from appropriate CE versus time curves and (CE-U) was regressed over (t - ti)0.5 to obtain the slope ‘α’ (Ritchie 1972) for the soil-limited evaporation stage. The observed ‘U’ was independent of mulch rate and Eo but was strongly affected by soil type, Values of ‘α’ decreased with increase in mulch rate and decrease in Eo and coarseness of soil. The otherwise short lived benefit of evaporation reduction with mulch per se, which peaked after a few days was maintained when residue was mixed with soil at the stage when evaporation reduction reached a maximum; this benefit continued for several weeks. Cumulative evaporation values computed from ‘U’ and ‘α’ agreed closely with the observed values under straw mulch for loamy sand and clay loam soils and for ‘undercut’ and ‘residue mixed’ treatments on all soils regardless of Eo, and for all situations under small Eo. However, for sandy loam and silt loam soils under Eo of 10 mm/d, the modified square root of the time function of Jalota et al. (1988) gave a better fit. 相似文献
2.
Accomodation of important sources of uncertainty in ecological models is essential to realistically predicting ecological processes. The purpose of this project is to develop a robust methodology for modeling natural processes on a landscape while accounting for the variability in a process by utilizing environmental and spatial random effects. A hierarchical Bayesian framework has allowed the simultaneous integration of these effects. This framework naturally assumes variables to be random and the posterior distribution of the model provides probabilistic information about the process. Two species in the genus Desmodium were used as examples to illustrate the utility of the model in Southeast Missouri, USA. In addition, two validation techniques were applied to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the predictions.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
There is debate among ecologists about whether total habitat area or patch arrangement contributes most to population and/or
community responses to fragmented or patchy landscapes. We tested the relative effects of patch area and isolation for predicting
bird occurrence in a naturally patchy landscape in the Bear River Mountains of Northern Utah, USA. We selected focal patches
(mountain meadows) ranging in elevation from 1,920 to 2,860 m and in size from 0.6 to 182 ha. Breeding birds were sampled
in each focal meadow during the summers of 2003 and 2004 using variable-distance point transects. Logistic regression and
likelihood-based model selection were used to determine the relationship between likelihood of occurrence of three bird species
(Brewer’s sparrow, vesper sparrow, and white-crowned sparrow) and area, isolation, and proximity metrics. We used model weights
and model-averaged confidence intervals to assess the importance of each predictor variable. Plots of area versus isolation
were used to evaluate complex relationships between the variables. We found that meadow area was the most important variable
for explaining occurrence for two species, and that isolation was the most important for the other. We also found that the
absolute distance was more appropriate for evaluating isolation responses than was the species-specific proximity metric.
Our findings add clarity to the debate between ecologists regarding the relative importance of area and isolation in species
responses to patchy landscapes. 相似文献
4.
Natural vegetation on erodible land surfaces, such as the loose sandy soils found in the southwestern United States and in Soviet Central Asia, absorbs part of the wind momentum flux (stress) and thus protects the erodible soil to a degree that depends on the geometry of plant distribution and profile. The sheltering effect of natural plants may be expressed as the ratio, R, of threshold friction velocity for the bare soil (determined in the laboratory or in specially prepared areas of bare soil in the field) to that for the naturally vegetated surface. We used new automated instrumentation to detect erosion thresholds in locations where erosion events are widely separated in time. Measured values of R were low for our most vegetated sites and nearer unity for the sparsely vegetated site. 相似文献
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欧、美中华绒螯蟹源于中国长江水系中华绒螯蟹的遗传证据 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
用包括Z2和Opp17两个10碱基随机引物在内的10个引物,对来自荷兰斯科克莱(Skodely)、美国加州圣何塞(San Jose)的中华绒螯蟹群体与中国长江水系中华绒螯蟹群体进行RAPD遗传比较分析。结果发现:(1)中华绒螯蟹群体特有的Z2引物扩增的700bp标记带(Z2^700bp),在荷兰与美国2个中华绒螯蟹群体中同时出现,而不出现日本绒螯蟹南流江种群中特有的880bp标记带(Z2^880bp),表明欧洲、美国中华绒螯蟹与中国中华绒螯蟹为同种Eriocheir sinensis,而非日本绒螯蟹Eriocheir japonicus;(2)Opp17引物扩增的947bp片段在中国长江、荷兰及美国3个中华绒螯蟹群体内的出现频率均达100%。结合Z2引物扩增结果,欧洲与美国中华绒螯蟹群体极可能是从中国长江水系中华绒螯蟹引入繁衍的。 相似文献
8.
Recent research shows that land use history is an important determinant of current ecosystem function. In the United States,
characterization of land use change following European settlement requires reconstruction of the original property mosaic.
However, this task is difficult in unsystematically surveyed areas east of the Appalachian Mountains. The Gwynns Falls watershed
(Baltimore, MD) was originally surveyed in the 1600-1700s under a system of warrants and patents (commonly known as ‘metes
and bounds’). A method for the reconstruction and mapping of warrant and patent properties is presented and used to map the
original property mosaic in the Gwynns Falls watershed. Using the mapped mosaic, the persistence of properties and property
lines in the current Gwynns Falls landscape is considered. The results of this research indicate that as in agricultural areas,
the original property lines in the Gwynns Falls watershed are persistent. At the same time, the results suggest that the property
mosaic in heavily urbanized/suburbanized areas is generally ‘reset.’ Further, trends in surveying technique, parcel size,
and settlement patterns cause property line density and property shape complexity to increase in the less urbanized upper
watershed. The persistence of original patterns may be damping expression of heterogeneity gradients in this urban landscape.
This spatial pattern of complexity in the original mosaic is directly opposite of hypothesized patterns of landscape heterogeneity
arising from urbanization. The technique reported here and the resulting observations are important for landscape pattern
studies in areas settled under unsystematic survey systems, especially the heavily urbanized areas of the eastern United States.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
9.
加利福尼亚州位于美国西部,受自然和社会因素影响,园林植物种类丰富,以常绿植物种类为主,亦有不少落叶种类。园林绿地类型多样,包括公共绿地、道路绿化带、建筑物周围绿地以及众多壮丽的植物公园和典雅的私家花园。加州全民绿化和环保意识较高,值得国人借鉴。 相似文献
10.