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1.
Spatial dependence and the relationship of soil organic carbon and soil moisture in the Luquillo Experimental Forest,Puerto Rico 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Wang Hongqing Hall Charles A.S. Cornell Joseph D. Hall Myrna H.P. 《Landscape Ecology》2002,17(8):671-684
We used geo-spatial statistical techniques to examine the spatial variation and relationship of soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil moisture (SM) in the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF), Puerto Rico, in order to test the hypothesis that mountainous terrain introduces spatial autocorrelation and crosscorrelation in ecosystem and soil properties. Soil samples (n = 100) were collected from the LEF in the summer of 1998 and analyzed for SOC, SM, and bulk density (BD). A global positioning system was used to georeference the location of each sampling site. At each site, elevation, slope and aspect were recorded. We calculated the isotropic and anisotropic semivariograms of soil and topographic properties, as well as the cross-variograms between SOC and SM, and between SOC and elevation. Then we used four models (random, linear, spherical and wave/hole) to test the semi-variances of SOC, SM, BD, elevation, slope and aspect for spatial dependence. Our results indicate that all the studied properties except slope angle exhibit spatial dependence within the scale of sampling (200 – 1000 m sampling interval). The spatially structured variance (the variance due to the location of sampling sites) accounted for a large proportion of the sample variance for elevation (99%), BD (90%), SOC (68%), aspect (56%) and SM (44%). The ranges of spatial dependence (the distances within which parameters are spatially dependent) for aspect, SOC, elevation, SM, and BD were 9810 m, 3070 m, 1120 m, 930 m and 430 m, respectively. Cross correlograms indicate that SOC varies closely with elevation and SM depending on the distances between samples. The correlation can shift from positive to negative as the separation distance increases. Larger ranges of spatial dependence of SOC, aspect and elevation indicate that the distribution of SOC in the LEF is determined by a combination of biotic (e.g., litterfall) and abiotic factors (e.g., microclimate and topographic features) related to elevation and aspect. This demonstrates the importance of both elevation and topographic gradients in controlling climate, vegetation distribution and soil properties as well as the associated biogeochemical processes in the LEF.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
非光滑表面对耐磨性有影响,并且不同的非光滑表面对耐磨性的影响是不同的。为了进一步研究其规律,本文进行了非光滑凸包和凹坑表面的耐磨性试验对比研究,得出在相同试验条件下,非光滑凹坑表面比凸包表面具有更好的耐磨性。 相似文献
3.
仿生非光滑表面形态的计算机模拟 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
研究发现,生物体表大都相当明显地体现着各种几何非光滑形态。生物体表非光滑形态的形成不仅与其种属遗传有关,而且与生物活性和环境等有直接的关系。不同形状的非光滑表面是为适应不同种类的土壤性质而进化成的,且有着不同的触土方式。为了研究非光滑表面形态对磨损的影响以及非光滑表面形态自身的参数变化对耐磨性的影响,本文对典型的非光滑形态进行了计算机模拟。 相似文献
4.
Spatial pattern and heterogeneity of soil properties in sand dunes under grazing and restoration in Horqin Sandy Land, Northern China 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Xiaoan Zuo Halin Zhao Xueyong Zhao Tonghui Zhang Yirui Guo Shaokun Wang Sam Drake 《Soil & Tillage Research》2008,99(2):202-212
Applying a combination of classical and geostatistical methods, we identified soil properties and their spatial variation in a 5-year grazed sand dune (GSD5) and a 20-year recovered sand dune (RSD20) in Horqin Sandy Land, northern China. The paper assesses the effect of grazing, topography and vegetation restoration on spatial heterogeneity of soil properties. The results showed that soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, very fine sand (0.1–0.05 mm) content and their coefficients of variation were lower in GSD5 than in RSD20, while soil water contents (0–20 cm and 20–40 cm depths) were higher in GSD5 than in RSD20. Geostatistical analysis revealed that the spatial structured variance accounted for the largest proportion of total sample variance in soil properties at the measured scale under grazing and restoration. The spatial autocorrelation ranges were 66.30 m for soil organic carbon and 50.80 m for total nitrogen in GSD5 less than those in RSD20 (70.00 m and 76.10 m, respectively), while the spatial autocorrelation ranges of soil particle size fractions and soil water contents in RSD20 were less than those in GSD5. Kriging-interpolated maps also showed that the heterogeneity of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen and their degree of patch fragmentation were higher in GSD5 than in RSD20. These results suggested that continuous grazing resulted in an increase in spatial variability of soil nutrient and a decrease in spatial variability of soil particle size fractions and soil water content. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen of sand dunes are associated closely with soil particle size fractions, relative height of sampling site and vegetation cover. Spatial patterns of soil properties are most strongly related to grazing, topography and plant-induced heterogeneity in sand dune ecosystems prone to wind erosion. 相似文献
5.
玛纳斯河流域植被覆盖度随地形因子的变化特征 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
基于2000-2016年MODIS NDVI数据,利用像元二分模型和ArcGIS空间分析功能对玛纳斯河流域植被覆盖度分布格局及动态变化特征进行研究,并分析植被覆盖度变化在高程、坡度和坡向上的空间分布差异。结果表明:(1)玛纳斯河流域以低等级植被覆盖为主,高等级植被覆盖面积显著增加,其它各等级面积波动较小,研究期内植被覆盖改善的面积比例(31.17%)远大于退化的面积比例(16.1%),研究区总体植被覆盖度增加,生态环境有所好转。(2)在海拔<800m,坡度<8°区域内,植被覆盖度明显改善,植被显著退化区主要分布在海拔1300-3400m,坡度>25°区域内,植被覆盖度未发生变化的区域主要集中在海拔>3600m范围内。(3)当海拔>2100m时,植被覆盖度随海拔增加呈现持续减少的趋势,海拔低于2100m的地带,植被覆盖度随海拔增加波动较大。(4)随着坡度的增加,植被覆盖度呈逐渐减小的趋势,全流域0?5°坡度范围内植被覆盖度最大(42.69%)。(5)在各坡向上,植被覆盖度差异不明显。流域内平地上的植被覆盖度最大(44.21%);阴坡的植被覆盖度优于阳坡,植被变化趋势除在平地区域较显著外,其余坡向间差异不大。 相似文献
6.
为了解九龙坡花椒种植区土壤养分状况及该区地形因子、土壤肥力因子与花椒产量的关系,为科学合理制定花椒高效施肥措施提供理论依据,本研究采用田间调查研究和室内分析的方法,研究了九龙坡花椒种植区低、中、高产区的海拔、坡度及土壤pH、有机质、大量微量元素含量和交换性能的变化特征,及其与花椒产量的关系。研究结果表明:九龙坡花椒普遍种植于200~500 m海拔范围,高产区集中在300 m左右的海拔;从低产区到高产区坡度略有增加,但未达显著水平。土壤均属酸性土,pH<6.5。土壤肥力总体属高水平范围,但各养分因子差异很大,其中土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)、有效磷、有效钙、有效镁、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌含量丰富,分别为27.2 cmol(+)·kg-1、35.2 mg·kg-1、3 289.8 mg·kg-1、271.8 mg·kg-1、48.6 mg·kg-1、62.1 mg·kg-1、1.5 mg·kg-1、4.5 mg·kg-1;有机质、碱解氮、速效钾、交换性酸属适中水平,分别为19.1 mg·kg-1、114.9 mg·kg-1、107.0 mg·kg-1、8.1 cmol(+)·kg-1;水溶性硼缺乏,为0.28 mg·kg-1。相关分析表明花椒产量与有效钙、CEC、pH、有效锰、水溶性硼呈显著正相关;通径分析结果表明有效钙、CEC、交换性酸、有效铜、有效铁、有效锌是影响花椒产量的主要因子,逐步回归分析构建了有效钙(X6)与花椒产量(Y)的最优回归线性方程:Y=11.693+0.003X6。综上所述,九龙坡花椒种植区土壤养分失衡较为严重,施肥应注重养分的平衡,增施有机肥,改善土壤理化性状,治理土壤酸化。 相似文献
7.
为探明不同地形对果实品质的影响,本研究以江西省南丰县和南城县平地与丘陵地南丰蜜橘为材料,对单果重、果形指数、色泽、化渣性、Vc及糖酸组分等风味品质进行分析,并利用模糊综合评判法对主要性状指标进行综合评判。结果表明,丘陵地果实单果重、横纵径、Vc、可溶性糖和糖组分等高于平地果实,而可滴定酸、果形指数和酸组分则相反。模糊综合评判分析表明①等权:南丰丘陵地>南丰平地;南城丘陵地>南城平地;②加权:南丰丘陵地>南丰平地;南城丘陵地>南城平地。因此,平地与丘陵地的南丰蜜橘果实品质存在差异,丘陵地明显优于平地。 相似文献
8.
The forests of Austrocedrus chilensis in southern Argentina suffer mortality from “mal del ciprés”, whose causes remain unknown. The purpose of this work was to establish the relation of soil features with the occurrence of the disease. In Río Grande Valley, Chubut Province, Argentina, 14 areas with “mal del ciprés” were selected for study. The spatial pattern of the decline varied among the different areas and was classified as aggregated and disaggregated. In each area, symptomatic and asymptomatic plots were established and characterized by 11 edaphic and topographic variables. Three forest areas where the disease was totally absent were also included. Site features were related to the occurrence of the decline using principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Results indicated that soil properties related to poor internal drainage, such as the proximity to water streams, non-allophanized soils of fine textures, and redoximorphic features, act as predisposing factors to the development of “mal del ciprés”. Poor soil drainage was strongly associated not only with the occurrence of the disease, but also with its spatial pattern. Symptomatic and asymptomatic plots presented similar edaphic features in areas with a disaggregated distribution of the decline and were grouped together in the multivariate analysis. This result suggests that large areas with such a pattern are prone to develop the decline. 相似文献
9.
Leaf-fall phenology was studied in a cool–temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest in central Japan in relation to the topographic environmental gradients that occur along a short mountain slope. Leaf-fall phenology was described quantitatively using data from leaf litter collected along the slope. In autumn, leaf fall at the study site tended to occur slightly earlier on the upper slope than on the lower slope. This pattern was found at both the stand and the species levels. Our results suggest that leaf-fall phenology may be affected by difference in microclimatic conditions, because environmental conditions are thought to be more severe on the upper slope than on the lower slope. The less intensive methods used in this study, the litter trap method, and Dixon’s model succeeded in quantifying the phenological patterns of leaf fall within stands and within species along the short mountain slope. 相似文献
10.
Relationships of dead wood patterns with biophysical characteristics and ownership according to scale in Coastal Oregon,USA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Dead wood patterns and dynamics vary with biophysical factors, disturbance history, ownership, and management practices; the
relative importance of these factors is poorly understood, especially at landscape to regional scales. This study examined
current dead wood amounts in the Coastal Province of Oregon, USA, at multiple spatial scales. Objectives were to: (1) describe
current regional amounts of several characteristics of dead wood; (2) compare dead wood amounts across ownerships; (3) determine
the relative importance, according to spatial scale, of biophysical and ownership characteristics, to regional dead wood abundance.
Dead wood plot data were evaluated with respect to explanatory variables at four spatial scales of resolution: plots, subwatersheds,
watersheds and subbasins. The relationships of dead wood characteristics with biophysical attributes and ownership were diverse
and scale-specific. Region-wide dead wood abundance and types varied among ownerships, with public lands typically having
higher amounts of dead wood and more large dead wood than private lands. Regression analysis of total dead wood volume indicated
that ownership was important at the subbasin scale. Growing season moisture stress was important at plot, subwatershed, and
watershed scales. Topography was important at the two coarser scales. Multivariate analysis of dead wood gradients showed
that ownership was important at all scales, topography at the subbasin scale, historical vegetation at watershed and subbasin
scales, and current vegetation at plot and subwatershed scales. Management for dead wood and related biodiversity at watershed
to landscape scales should consider the distinct dynamics of snags and logs, the importance of historical effects, and the
relevance of ownership patterns. 相似文献