关于编制我国果树种质资源评价系统若干问题的商榷

资源评价是果树种质资源工作的中心环节。编制果树种资源评价系统是发展和提高我国果树种质资源工作水平的一项重要基础工作。“七五”期间,“果树种质资源主要性状鉴定评价”专题组编制１８种果树的《果树种质资源描述符》,于１９９０年在农业出版社出版。本文就其中其中若干问题提出商榷意见。     

发挥烟叶生产协会作用推进烟叶标准化生产

烟叶标准化生产充分发挥了标准化在规范烟叶生产、经营、管理和服务等方面工作的重要作用,是促进技术进步、提高烟叶整体生产水平和供给水平的有效手段。烟叶生产协会作为烟叶生产的重要组织形式,是推进烟叶标准化生产的新思路。目前各地已开展烟叶标准化生产示范项目,提高了烟叶生产规范程度,但由于各项标准的实施缺少有效的组织管理,烟叶生产规范程度不够明显。为此应充分发挥烟叶生产协会的作用,构建烟叶产业发展平台,以烟叶标准化生产示范基地依托,推进烟叶标准化生产。通过强化烟草部门与烟农的连接机制,加强烟叶标准化生产中各项技术的实施,形成＂公司＋协会＋农户＂的组织管理模式,以推进标准化建设的健康发展。     

Standardizing catch and effort data of the Taiwanese distant-water longline fishery in the western and central Pacific Ocean for bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus

Catch per unit effort (CPUE) is often used as an index of relative abundance in fisheries stock assessments. However, the trends in nominal CPUE can be influenced by many factors in addition to stock abundance, including the choice of fishing location and target species, and environmental conditions. Consequently, catch and effort data are usually ‘standardized’ to remove the impact of such factors. Standardized CPUE for bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus, caught by the Taiwanese distant-water longline fishery in the western and central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) for 1964–2004 were derived using three alternative approaches (GLM, GAM and the delta approach), and sensitivity was explored to whether catch-rates of yellowfin tuna and albacore tuna are included in the analyses. Year, latitude, and the catch-rate of yellowfin explained the most of the deviance (32–49%, depending on model configuration) and were identified consistently among methods, while trends in standardized catch-rate differed spatially. However, the trends in standardized catch-rates by area were found to be relatively insensitive to the approach used for standardization, including whether the catch-rates of yellowfin and albacore were included in the analyses.     

北京市蔬菜标准化基地存在的问题与对策研究

为推进农业标准体系落地,加快蔬菜的产业化进程,分析了北京市蔬菜产业及蔬菜标准化基地现状,汇总出推广基地标准化过程中存在的各种问题,并提出了提升农产品质量安全、推进蔬菜品牌建设等对策建议。     

我国木材标准体系构建刍议

笔者在调查分析目前我国木材标准体系制、修订及研究工作现状的基础上,从标准化的对象着手,提出了由基础标准、技术标准和管理标准三大属性构建的木材标准体系新框架,同时给出基于标准化对象的木材标准体系实施建议。     

灵武市现代农业示范区建设成效与对策

调查了灵武市现代农业示范区建设现状,分析了现代农业示范区建设存在的问题,提出了加强基础设施建设、加快产业规模化发展、提升产业标准化水平、加快农业科技进步和自主创新等对策。     

苹果绵蚜在渭北生态条件下的越冬状况研究

为更好地在渭北生态区进行苹果绵蚜防控工作,于2009年秋至2010年春开展其越冬状况调查。在试验园内选取苹果绵蚜发生较重的果树,定株调查,10d调查1次,分别观察记录取样部位、各虫龄虫量、被寄生数量。结果表明,苹果绵蚜在渭北地区11月中旬进入越冬,次年3月中旬开始迁移活动,主要集中在根部越冬,树干略次之,枝条处最少。苹果绵蚜以2龄若虫越冬为主,平均比例达65%左右;1龄和3龄若虫所占比例较少,各约占13%和17%;4龄若虫极少,只占4%左右;成虫不能越冬。对管理状况不同果园,越冬虫口基数没有明显差异,树干处越冬虫较易被寄生蜂寄生,枝条次之,根部最低。标准化管理果园苹果绵蚜被日光蜂寄生的寄生率高于普通管理果园30%左右,被寄生率达75%以上。可见,加强果园标准化管理有利于利用天敌防控苹果绵蚜。     

Catch per unit effort standardization of the eastern Bering Sea walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) fleet

A general linear model (GLM) was used to standardize catch per unit effort (CPUE) data for Alaska walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) from the Bering Sea fleet for the years 1995–1999. Data were stratified temporally by year and season and spatially by area using either Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) or National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) reporting areas. Four factors were used: vessel identification (ID) number, vessel speed, percentage of pollock by weight in the haul (a measure of targeting), and whether most of the haul took place before or after sunset. At least 29 combinations of main effects, quadratic covariates, and interactions were tested for each year/area/season stratum. GLM models explained from 31 to 48% of the total sums of squares. Vessel identification number was included in all models and explained the most variability. Of the remaining factors, the square of the percentage of pollock in the haul was included in most models, following an F-test to determine parsimony. Analysis of the vessel identification number coefficients indicated that larger vessels tended to have higher CPUEs; and that this relationship differed between dedicated catcher vessels and offshore catcher processors. Coefficient estimates and response surfaces generally indicated increased CPUEs with the percentage of pollock in the haul and showed mixed results with vessel speed. The vessel identification number incorporated most vessel characteristics, leaving vessel speed primarily as a fitting variable with less biological meaning. The year/area/season stratification procedure was found to be necessary due to the unbalanced design, which otherwise would have factor levels with no data in a large combined model. In addition, the stratification procedure reduced the variability in CPUE substantially.     

白僵菌生产工艺规范化技术的研究

通过对白僵菌不同工艺技术生产菌粉产孢量比较研究 ,筛选出工艺规范化生产各环节的最优组合技术参数 ,提出二级液体 (7%麦皮煮出液 )和三级固体培养基 (麦皮∶谷壳 =9∶1)及其液固接种量 (1∶1)最适配方 ,并确定前 3d三级固体开放培养发酵最适温度为 18～ 2 2℃、相对湿度为 95 %～ 10 0 % ,还总结出以二级液体振荡培养 6 0h接种 ,三级固体发酵培养 7～10d ,可获得最优质的菌粉 ,平均含孢量达 2 0 0× 10 8个·g-1以上 ,缩短生产周期 1/3 ,降低生产成本 ,增加菌厂经济收益 ,为菌厂大量生产提供参数依据。     

应用国标评价和计算毛竹林的经济效果

应用国家标准GB3533．1-83《标准化经济效果的评价原则和计算方法》和GB3533．3-84《评价和计算标准化经济效果数据资料收集和处理方法》中的基本原理和方法，可以准确而全面地评价毛竹林培育的经济效果。文章根据福建省毛竹生产实际，论述了标准化经济效果评价和计算方法如何在评价和计算毛竹林培育经济效果中的应用。