短日照诱导对小豆生长发育、光合和荧光参数的影响

为明确短日照对小豆生长发育、光合和荧光参数的影响,采用不同生育时期短日照诱导处理来调查小豆的形态指标、开花时间及开花节位,在开花期和结荚期测定光合作用和叶绿素荧光。结果表明,与对照相比,短日照诱导使小豆的株高降低、平均茎粗和主茎节数变小、白红2号在开花期和结荚期的节间长度升高,唐山红小豆降低;短日照诱导使小豆的花期提前并降低开花节位;短日照诱导使2个品种的净光合速率在开花期明显升高,在结荚期降低,气孔导度、细胞间CO2浓度和蒸腾速率在开花期无明显变化,在结荚期,白红2号明显降低,唐山红小豆升高;短日照诱导对开花期的叶绿素含量无明显影响,在结荚期明显降低,与对照相比,白红2号在开花期和结荚期的Fv/Fm升高,唐山红小豆在开花期变化规律不明显,在结荚期升高;短日照诱导使小豆的产量构成因素及产量呈下降趋势。以上结果说明短日照诱导对花荚期小豆的生长发育、光合参数及产量具有调控作用。     

短日照处理天数对一品红开花和观赏品质的影响

 短日照处理不同天数后转到自然长日照下, 研究短日照处理对促成栽培的‘千禧’和‘早生天鹅绒’一品红生长开花的影响。结果表明短日照处理天数对其发育进程、苞片着色和观赏品质有显著影响。苞片转色后结束短日照处理, 节数与连续短日照相似, 但开花显著延迟; 现蕾时结束短日照处理, 开花时间、冠幅与连续短日照相似; 过渡性叶片面积在短日照处理至现蕾后13～14 d才与连续短日照相似。一品红对短日照处理天数的反应存在品种差异。现蕾前结束短日照处理导致一品红过渡性叶片的节间和花梗伸长、苞片着色变差, 出现开花逆转现象。为了保证观赏品质, 短日照处理要持续到现蕾以后。     

Breaking seasonal limitation: year-round sporogenesis in the brown alga Laminaria saccharina by blocking the transport of putative sporulation inhibitors

Year-round induction of sporogenesis of Laminaria saccharina was performed by mechanically blocking the transport of the putative sporulation inhibitors produced by the blade meristem and culturing the plants in constant short days. Sporogenesis was successfully induced by removal of the blade meristem, either by cultivating distal blade fragments or by performing a transverse cut in the frond. The earliest sorus formation after artificial induction was 10 days. The age of the sporophytes used for induction was 6–11 months or 2 years in tank-grown or field-collected sporophytes, respectively. Zoospores were successfully released in all cases. Thus, by year-round artificial induction of sporogenesis, (1) sporeling production of L. saccharina and thereafter sporophyte cultivation could be achieved without seasonal limitation, and (2) the life cycle of L. saccharina (from spore to spore) could be completed within 8 months under controlled conditions.     

北方强冬性小麦田间春化和在贵州种植的可能性

本文以贵阳、北京两地1982—1985年秋播试验为依据,阐明北方强冬性小麦品种在两地均能通过春化反应正常成熟,在冬季短日配合下,冬小麦可以在较宽范围低温条件下通过春化阶段,短日对春化有促进作用。北方强冬性小麦在贵阳的生育期比北京短,某些性状似优于北京点的表现,为贵州开发利用冬型品种,提出了可行性依据。     

不同短日照对不同叶龄谷子生长发育的影响

谷子是短日照作物,短日照处理可以减少单株叶片数,促进出叶速度,从而提前抽穗,缩短育种进程。谷子在五叶期时,给予8h短日照光周期处理效果最显著。     

北京地区玉米就地加代技术的初步研究

1984—1986年在北京进行早熟、中早熟玉米一年两季加代试验.试验结果表明.第一季加代采用早春(3月上旬—下旬)温室育苗,3月末至4月上旬移栽到塑料薄膜复盖的阳畦、小棚或大棚;以及3月下旬直播于铺设电热线的阳畦,大棚等增温保温措施,早熟、中早熟玉米自交系和育种材料。可于5月下旬进入抽雄、吐丝、散粉期,7月上旬末以前收获授粉后25—30天果穗,种子发芽率可达到80%以上,第二季加代采用上季25—30天嫩粒,经2%H_2O_2浸种24小时,于7月上旬播种(气温偏高年份还可适当延迟播种),在大田条件下,8月下旬可进入抽雄、吐丝、散粉期,授粉工作可进行到9月上旬末,10月底以前收获的种子,发芽率一般达80%左右,高的达90%以上.H_2O_2处理玉米种子可明显加速种子发芽,促进幼苗生长.采用了短日照处理(8—10小时日照)生育后期叶面喷磷钾肥和乙烯利等促进早熟措施,对本试验成功实现一年两季加代,均取得了一定效果。     

Tank cultivation of the red alga Palmaria palmata: Year-round induction of tetrasporangia, tetraspore release in darkness and mass cultivation of vegetative thalli

Field-collected tetrasporophytes of Palmaria palmata were tumbled in 300-L outdoor tanks from January to August at ambient daylength or in a constant short-day (SD) regime (8 h light per day), both at 10 or 15 °C. Tetrasporangia were massively induced after 2.5 months under SD conditions at 10 °C and completely lacking at 15 °C, both under SD or ambient daylength conditions, with a few tetrasporangia present at 10 °C and ambient daylength. Elongation rates of tagged tetrasporophytic thalli peaked from March to April in all four conditions, when the biomass densities in the outdoor tanks were close to 2.5 kg fresh weight m^− 2. Under all four conditions, juvenile proliferations started to appear in June from the margins of the old fronds, and attained approximately 1 cm in length by the end of July.Approximately 80% of the tetraspores were released during the first three dark phases in a light/dark regime, and the remaining 20% during the light phases. A minimum of 10 min darkness was observed to trigger spore release. White light inhibited tetraspore release, while a similar number of spores were released in continuous red light or in the light/dark regime, although with no significant differences of spore release during subjective days and nights.Sporelings were successfully derived from the released tetraspores for mass propagation of the male gametophyte in 2000-L outdoor tanks in a greenhouse. Mass production of male gametophytic sporelings of P. palmata was completed two times by SD induction of tetrasporangia at 10 °C, release of spores in darkness and culturing the sporelings until they were ready to be propagated vegetatively in greenhouse tanks. One experiment lasted from January to October 2001, with spore release in June, and the second from September to April 2003, with spore release in January. These results may support the development of sustainable, year-round Palmaria farming.     

Effect of application methods of organic fertilizer on growth,soil chemical properties and microbial densities in organic bulb onion production

This study was carried out to maximize the fertilization efficiency of mixed organic fertilizer (OF) for organically managed onion (Allium cepa L.) production during the one growing season of 2005–2006. The organic fertilizer was made of organic materials like sesame oil cake, rice bran and molasses and minerals like illite and mountainous soil. Four organic topdressing treatments, which all followed the same basal fertilization with solid OF, consisted of solid OF without mulch (OF/OFnM), liquid organic fertilizer without mulch (OF/LOFnM), liquid organic fertilizer under mulch (OF/LOFuM) and liquid organic fertilizer over mulch (OF/LOFoM). Chemical fertilizer (CF) and no fertilizer (NF) were treated as controls. The solid organic fertilization base was 2.0 ton ha⁻¹, and 4.57 ton ha⁻¹ and was used for topdressing. The total amount of liquid organic fertilization was 133.2 ton ha⁻¹, which was divided into 6 applications from February through March. The OF/LOFuM and OF/LOFoM topdressings did not reduce onion height, leaf number or bulb diameter as compared to chemical fertilizer, whereas no mulch treatments made onion growth significantly poorer. Onion top weight in CF was significantly higher than that in OF groups at the peak growth stage, while there was not much difference in bulb weight between the CF and OF/LOFoM treatment. Finally, the onion marketable yield was 45.9 ton ha⁻¹ in the OF/LOFoM treatment, which exceeded that in the CF treatment by up to 1.9 ton. Furthermore, OF/LOFoM was the most effective among all the treatments in transferring the nutrients from sink to source. CF made the soil pH more acidic than OF did, and the electrical conductivity (EC) remained higher with CF than OF as well. While organic fertilizer helped to keep the NO₃-N content stable throughout the growing season, the concentration rapidly oscillated up and down according to CF fertilization. Organic fertilizer increased population number of soil microorganisms like aerobes, actinomycetes in the field.     

短日处理诱导西双版纳黄瓜开花试验

西双版纳黄瓜是分布于我国西双版纳地区的一群独特的黄瓜资源,由于其光周期敏感的特点,育种应用较为困难。本试验采取8h/16h的短日照条件,研究了短日处理0、10、20、30、40d对西双版纳黄瓜开花的影响。结果表明,短日处理有显著的促雌效应,第1雌花节位提早,雌花数增多,并且随着短日处理天数的增加该效应愈强。检测分析表明短日处理诱导出的雌、雄配子均活力正常,可用于育种研究。     

Interactions of photoperiod,temperature, duration of short-day treatment and plant age on flowering of Fragaria x ananassa Duch. cv. Korona

The effects of photoperiod (10, 12, 16, 20 or 24 h), day-temperature (12, 15, 18, 24 or 30 °C), the number of short days (14, 21 or 28 days), plant age (4, 8 or 12 weeks) and their interactions on flower and inflorescence emergence were investigated in strawberry cv. Korona. No flowers emerged in plants exposed to photoperiods of 16, 20 or 24 h or to a short-day treatment for 14 days. All plants exposed to short days at daily photoperiods of 10 or 12 h for 21 days or longer, emerged flowers at temperatures between 12 and 18 °C. A further increase in temperature led to a drastic decrease in the total number of flowers per plant. A short-day treatment (10 or 12 h photoperiod) of 28 days resulted in highest numbers of inflorescences and flowers per plant, while a short-day treatment of 21 days resulted in the highest numbers of flowers per inflorescence. Complete flower induction was observed in only 4-week-old runner plants. The number of inflorescences and the number of flowers per inflorescence increased with plant age. However, the start of flowering was delayed with increasing plant age.