20个无花果品种在重庆石漠化地区的引种鉴选

无花果树可用于石漠化治理,同时具有一定的经济价值。为筛选出适宜石漠化地区的优良无花果品种,本研究引进20个无花果品种为试验材料,对其生长特性、病虫害抗性和成活率进行比较分析,并采用主成分分析法对无花果品种品质进行综合评价。结果表明：丰产黄、波姬红、法紫为20个无花果树中品质优良的品种。因此,可在石漠化地区适当推广种植丰产黄、波姬红、法紫3个品种。     

Microbial biomass and activity along a natural pH gradient in forest soils in a karst region of the upper Yangtze River,China

Mountain closure, considered an effective and economic measure for natural restoration of degraded forest ecosystems, has been widely carried out in the karst region of southwest China. The aim of this study was to evaluate microbial aspects of soil quality after mountain closure by analyzing soil microbial biomass, basal respiration, metabolic quotient, and relationships with basic chemical properties in Guizhou Province, a karst region of the upper Yangtze River. Soil quality was considered poor from the low levels of microbial biomass carbon (MBC), nitrogen (MBN), and microbial quotient (MBC/total C and MBN/total N), but high metabolic quotient (qCO₂). Soil pH, showing marked variation from 4.1 to 7.9 in this karst region, was proved to significantly affect soil microbial biomass and activity. Soil microbial biomass, microbial quotient, and soil basal respiration declined significantly with decreasing soil pH, while qCO₂ showed an apparently increasing, but not statistically significant, trend. The changes in microbial biomass and activity following the change in soil pH could possibly be because of a change in soil microbial composition, and more detailed research is necessary. Compared with soil pH, soil organic matter content was another, more important, factor that directly restricted microbial growth because of the serious loss as a result of disturbance. As a practical application based on microbial aspects, introduction of some N-fixing tree species may be an active and effective measure to improve soil fertility and thus to accelerate restoration of the forest ecosystem in the karst region.     

基于教育移民的石漠化地区生态可持续恢复研究

笔者分析了广西生态移民与石漠化地区治理的现状,认为广西石漠化地区已经总体上实现了生态逆转,而其中最重要的因素就是移民。同时也指出广西石漠化地区移民存在严重的回流现象,进而探讨了教育移民的重要意义。教育有助于提高移民的人力资本和社会资本,有助于培育未成年人,帮助他们今后走出石漠化地区,更有助于提高留守居民的技能,改变其生态意识,提高现有资源和能源的利用率。在此基础上,提出了促进教育移民,恢复石漠化地区生态可持续发展的具体措施,强调应建立石漠化地区青少年教育基金、青少年中高等教育发展基金、青壮年就业培训基金,以及石漠化地区生态培训基金,通过教育补助提高石漠化地区人群的素质与技能,实现永久性移民。     

菌根桑恢复喀斯特石漠化地区的研究探讨

菌根桑能与石漠化地区贫瘠、干旱等主要生态障碍相耦合,有利于减轻贫瘠干旱胁迫,成为喀斯特石漠化生态治理的一种新的有效措施。在综述丛枝菌根真菌的结构、生理生态功能的基础上,初步探讨了石漠化恢复过程中菌根桑的可利用性以及在调查桑树根系丛枝菌根真菌多样性、影响丛枝菌根真菌多样性的关键因子、筛选优良抗性菌株、丛枝菌根真菌与喀斯特石漠化地区桑树的共生机制等几个方面开展前期研究工作,旨在从全新的角度探讨菌根桑对喀斯特生境的适应对策以及为岩溶生态系统退化与恢复机理奠定基础,从而保证菌根桑在石漠化地区的可持续发展。     

Rocky Desertification Dynamic Analysis and the Development of Management Information System

With the background of severe rocky desertification in the west of China and the objective of ecological environment construction and poverty elimination,the management information system of rocky desertification was designed according to the natural and humane characteristics in Nanchuan of Sichuan Province. The system was composed of data management module,information query module for rocky desertification,spatial analysis module and dynamic monitoring module.     

风化岩石地遗存衰竭古树养护复壮技术

随着我国对文物保护,旅游风景名胜的开发,古树存活问题更显突出,它对该地区的历史文化价值评估和风景质量的提升起着重要指标作用,所以对衰竭古树进行养护复壮,使其生命体焕发生机,延缓了衰亡,为其同类地区的古树复壮取得了重要经验且有推广价值。     

北美落基山自然风光与动植物纪事

北美洲落基山脉纵贯加拿大西南和美国西北部,跨越北极带、寒带和温带高原气候带,是全球著名山脉之一。有奇特的高原地貌、世界最大的冰原、众多冰河、瀑布、高原湖泊、温泉及间歇喷泉等自然景观,以及多种植被、特有动物,每年吸引来自世界各地的众多游客。美国、加拿大政府和联合国教科文组织重视环保,在落基山脉建立众多国家公园,其中有7处划定为《世界遗产目录》《世界遗产公园》。国家公园重视环保,订立各种保育措施,值得借鉴。     

Qualitative modelling of the kelp forest of Lessonia nigrescens Bory (Laminariales: Phaeophyta) in eulittoral marine ecosystems of the south–east Pacific: an approach to management plan assessment

This contribution aims at the assessment of the sustainability of a management plan for Lessonia nigrescens in Chilean coastal ecosystems, specially when the harvest pressure could be increased due to that this macroalgae is considered as a food source for the abalon (Haliotis discus hannoi) farming along the Chilean coast. Three qualitative conceptual models were developed and compared; the first and second ones assuming homogeneous and heterogeneous environmental conditions, respectively, and the third expanded one considering eco-social components under the assumption of environmental heterogeneity. For all these models, the factors described by Vásquez [Bot. Mar. 38 (1995) 251] were included in the management plan for the harvesting of brown macroalgae. Based on Levins's Loop Analysis, the system will have a just weakly unstable moving equilibrium if the harvesting activities do not negatively affect the macrophyta's reproduction and recruitment processes. Therefore, coincidence of reproduction and/or recruitment with harvesting must be avoided in a putative management plan. Regarding the qualitative predictions of the system's behaviour after negatively affecting reproduction and recruitment, only an ecological model assuming a heterogeneous environment shows realistic responses in comparison to experimental studies on the same species. This contribution is the first approach considering the dynamical behaviour of L. nigrescens and its surroundings. Nevertheless, further models, based on the same modelling theory, may integrate more variables from social and economical fields in order to improve the scope of this complex system. Further comparative studies should focus on the assessment of the significance of the structural functions of L. nigrescens and other macroalgae for the conservation of this benthic system.     

贵州省石漠化成因与治理综述

贵州是世界上岩溶地貌发育最典型的地区之一,是全国石漠化面积最大、等级最齐、程度最深、危害最重的省份。综述前人研究,总结出贵州省石漠化成因、治理措施、治理模式以及相关建议。     

贵州省石漠化现状及主要治理措施

石漠化是我国贵州喀斯特生态脆弱区所面临的最主要的生态问题之一。参考贵州省已进行的生态系统恢复和石漠化治理经验,综述了近年来该省所建立的石漠化3S监测体系,基于不同喀斯特生态环境所构建的综合治理的模式,所采取的林草、农业、工程等治理技术措施以及所取得的初步成效。