红三叶遗传图谱构建及抗白粉病基因QTL定位

本研究以感(岷山红三叶)、抗(澳大利亚红三叶品种♀Sensation×Renegade♂杂交新品系“甘农PR1”)白粉病红三叶材料为父母本杂交并种植成苗经人工接菌后筛选出抗、感白粉病的F₁群体为作图群体,利用AFLP标记构建红三叶高密度遗传图谱,并利用区间作图法对抗白粉病QTL进行了定位分析,可以为红三叶抗白粉病基因克隆和转基因等分子辅助育种奠定基础。结果表明,149个AFLP标记构建得到的遗传图谱包含7个连锁群(LG1,LG2,LG3,LG4,LG5,LG6和LG7),遗传图谱的总距离为640.5 cM。其中,LG1连锁群的遗传距离(140.6 cM)和标记间平均距离(9.4 cM)均最大;LG4连锁群的遗传距离(55.2 cM)和标记间平均距离(1.8 cM)最小。应用区间作图法对红三叶抗白粉病基因进行QTL分析定位,共检测到5个抗白粉病相关QTL位点(qrp-1,qrp-2,qrp-3,qrp-4和qrp-5),其中qrp-1、qrp-2、qrp-3和qrp-4位于LG4连锁群上,qrp-5位于LG5连锁群上。5个QTL位点对抗白粉病的贡献率为29%~90%,qrp-1对红三叶白粉病抗性的贡献率最大(90%),为主效QTL。     

分子标记及其在标记辅助选择中的应用

运用分子标记来进行标记辅助选择,已经成为当今家畜育种的一种趋势。笔者对目前常见的几种分子标记进行了简要介绍,并就分子标记在标记辅助选择中的应用,特别就分子标记在标记辅助选择中分子标记图谱的构建、分子标记的筛选、QTL定位和与分子标记的连锁分析3个方面的应用作了较详尽的综述。     

小麦重要农艺性状QTL研究方法及研究进展

小麦的许多重要农艺性状都是数量性状,研究小麦数量性状遗传对小麦育种及其杂种优势具有十分重要的意义。近年来,分子生物学特别是分子标记技术的飞速发展,使得我们可以更深入地进行数量性状的研究。本文综述了近年来小麦QTL的研究进展,包括QTL定位原理及前提条件,常用的分子标记,QTL定位常用的作图群体,QTL定位的方法,QTL定位的统计软件和阈值,QTL的作图精度及小麦QTL定位的研究进展。讨论了小麦QTL定位存在的问题,展望了该领域的发展前景。     

Selection on multiple QTL with control of gene diversity and inbreeding for long-term benefit

The purpose of this study was to develop and investigate selection strategies that aim at maximizing long-term genetic response while conserving gene diversity and controlling inbreeding in populations of limited effective size, assuming complete knowledge of all genes affecting a quantitative trait. Three selection strategies were proposed to select on 100 quantitative trait loci (QTL) and compared with truncation selection on breeding value. Alternative selection strategies aimed at maximizing the average breeding value of parents with a penalty on (1) the number of unfavourable QTL genotypes among parents (OS-I), (2) the negative of the logarithm of the frequency of the favourable allele at each QTL among parents (OS-II), and (3) the average pedigree relationship among parents (OS-III). When all QTL and their effects were known, the strategies examined were able to obtain extra long-term responses, conserve QTL diversity and reduce inbreeding, compared with truncation selection. Strategy OS-II was the most effective in conserving QTL diversity and OS-III in reducing inbreeding. By changing the magnitude of the penalties applied, the impact on long-term response, inbreeding and diversity can be controlled. Extra long-term responses over truncation selection of OS-I and OS-II were even greater when effects of QTL were estimated rather than assumed known, indicating the applicability of results to practical strategies for marker-assisted selection. Extra responses are expected to be reduced for larger population sizes.     

不同水分环境下玉米叶面积QTL定位及候选基因分析

玉米叶面积的大小及分布特征不仅影响其光合效率、蒸腾速率,而且与其耐旱性、耐密性、抗倒伏性及产量形成紧密相关。深入剖析不同水旱环境下玉米不同生育时期不同叶位叶面积的分子遗传机理对玉米耐旱高产新品种的选育具有重要意义。本研究以构建的2套F_2∶3群体为试材,在8种水分环境下,采用复合区间作图法（CIM）和基于混合线性模型的复合区间作图法（MCIM）对玉米相应叶（V₁₈时期第10片叶、R₁时期穗三叶）叶面积进行单环境和多环境联合QTL分析;参考玉米基因组B73 RefGen_v3挖掘稳定表达的QTLs （sQTLs）区间内的候选基因,并对其进行功能分析。结果表明,采用CIM法,单环境下2个生育时期2套F_2∶3群体间总共定位到了7个玉米相应叶叶面积QTLs,主要受显性（81.0%）、部分显性（14.3%）和超显性（4.7%）等遗传效应的调控,其中在干旱环境下定位到了5个QTLs。采用MCIM法,在2套F_2∶3群体间总共检测到6个相应叶叶面积的联合QTLs,其中1个表现为显著的QTL与环境的互作（QTL×E, Bin 2.08~2.09）,1对QTLs （Bin 1.08~1.10与 Bin 2.08~2.09）参与了显著的加性与加性（AA）上位性互作。结合CIM和MCIM法进一步分析在2套F_2∶3群体间检测到了6个sQTLs,其分别位于Bin 1.08~1.10、Bin 2.08~2.09、Bin 4.08~4.09、Bin 6.05、Bin 8.03和Bin 10.03处,并在这些sQTLs区间内确定了12个玉米叶发育相关候选基因。采用生物信息学,总共收集了75个玉米叶发育相关候选基因,通过系统进化树分析表明,这些候选基因划分为3大进化分支,且上述检测到的12个候选基因分布于这3大进化分支上。这些结果为系统地解析玉米不同生育时期不同水旱环境下相应叶叶面积的分子遗传机理提供理论依据,检测到的sQTLs可作为叶面积改良的重要染色体区段,检测到的候选基因为其进一步克隆、功能分析及育种应用提供了信息参考。     

绵羊QTL定位的研究进展

本文综述了绵羊的重要经济性状QTL定位的方法和进展，并提出存在问题和展望。     

甘蓝型油菜蕾薹期抗旱相关性状的QTL分析

蕾薹期是甘蓝型油菜对干旱最为敏感的时期之一。以抗旱品系QY8-1和干旱敏感品种沪油16构建的含183个家系的F2∶3群体为研究材料,在现蕾至抽薹期进行干旱胁迫处理,正常灌溉为对照。结果表明,与对照相比,干旱胁迫后群体的抽薹高度、单株鲜重和叶片萎蔫指数平均下降了52.6%~55.3%,而且三个指标高度正相关。利用335个SRAP标记构建了一个长度为1661.9 c M的遗传图谱,通过复合区间作图法共检测到28个QTL,分布在14个连锁群上,可解释1.1%~36.6%的表型变异。其中,利用抽薹高度共检测到10个QTL,位于第15连锁群的q SH-D-5可解释36.6%的表型变异,为主效QTL。该区间还检测到其它3个QTL(q SH-DRI-1、q SH-D-5和q LWI-D-1),在抗旱分子标记辅助选择中应予以重点关注。同样,在第16连锁群(标记区间Em01/Me12-1—Em01Me09-1)也检测到4个重合的QTL,贡献率为1.1%~8.1%,为微效QTL。     

结球甘蓝抽薹性遗传规律和QTL定位分析

以早抽薹‘S-1’与晚抽薹‘G-1’为亲本,构建F1、BC1、BC2和F2群体,采用植物数量性状主基因 + 多基因混合遗传模型分析法对结球甘蓝抽薹性状进行遗传分析,并采用SLAF-BSA方法对抽薹时间进行QTL定位分析。结果显示,结球甘蓝抽薹性状是由2对加性—显性—上位性主基因 + 加性—显性多基因遗传控制;主基因 + 多基因平均遗传率是93.41%。共检测到2个QTL,分别为2号染色体上的2.31 ~ 3.09 Mb和33.57 ~ 34.40 Mb,总长度为1.61 Mb。     

Construction of high-density linkage map and identification of QTLs associated with resistance to black rot in radish (Raphanus sativus) by RAD sequencing

High-density marker-based QTL mapping can serve as an effective strategy to identify novel genomic information to facilitate crop improvement. In this study, we genotyped an F₂ population (KB12-1 × PP12-1) using a RAD-seq approach and constructed a high-density linkage map for radish. After a series of filtering procedures were performed, 17,124 SNPs and 3,336 indels with aa × bb genotyping were retained to obtain bin markers. Then, a linkage map comprising a total of 1,221 bin markers in nine linkage groups spanning 1,467.3 cM with an average marker interval of 1.2 cM was constructed. We evaluated the resistance of the F₂ mapping population to black rot using F₃ progeny, and two major QTLs related to black rot resistance were identified based on this map. Among these QTLs, qBRR2 on Chr.2 explained 26.97% of the phenotypic variation with a LOD score of 11.93, and qBRR7 on Chr.7 accounted for 27.06% of the phenotypic variation with a LOD score of 11.83. The additive effect of qBRR2 was positive (14.97); however, qBRR7 had the opposite effect (−11.99). The high-density linkage map and the major QTLs qBRR2 and qBRR7 provide new important information for disease resistance gene discovery and utilization in genetic improvement.