以甜菜粕取代小麦的全混合颗粒饲料对羔羊瘤胃pH值的影响

本试验选用24只3-3.5月龄的波德代(♂)×蒙古羊(♀)和陶赛特(♂6)×蒙古羊(♀)杂交一代羔羊,按2×2×2因子设计,研究了两个营养水平下以高果胶的甜菜粕取代小麦的全混合颗粒饲料对两种羔羊瘤胃pH值的影响。结果表明,低营养水平组的pH值显著高于高营养水平组(P=0.015);食后4 h(P-0.019)、6 h(P=0.009)的pH值在营养水平和饲料间存在互作,高营养水平组,小麦组羔羊的瘤胃液pH高于甜菜粕组,而低营养水平组、甜菜粕组的pH高于小麦组;羊品种对pH值无影响。     

梨果实在贮藏过程中果胶分解酶活性的变化

以苹果梨和新高梨为试材,测定了梨贮藏过程中果胶分解酶的活性变化.结果表明:2品种果实在软化过程中多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性均增加且在贮藏后期新高梨的PG活性极显著(p<0.01)高于苹果梨;贮藏性强的苹果梨的β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)活性很低且在贮藏中减少,但贮藏性相对较弱的新高梨的β-Gal活性极显著(p<0.01)高于苹果梨且在可溶性果胶增加的时期达活性高峰;苹果梨的果胶甲基酯酶(PME)活性在贮藏后期有所增加,但新高梨减少.可见,在贮藏过程中PG和β-Gal酶均是梨果实软化的重要酶,但β-Gal的作用比PG酶更重要;PME的活性变化因品种而异,与耐贮性关系不大.     

用酸水解法从南瓜中提取果胶的研究

研究了用酸水解法从南瓜中提取果胶的工艺,并就影响果胶得率的几个主要因素进行了实验,确定了提取果胶的最佳工艺条件为:提取液pH值2.0,提取温度100℃,提取时间90min,沉淀剂乙醇的浓度70%。     

酶法提取猕猴桃皮和渣中果胶的工艺研究

[目的]去除猕猴桃皮和渣中的淀粉和蛋白质,提取并制备膳食食用果胶。[方法]通过单因素和正交试验设计,分别确定0.4%淀粉酶和0.4%胰蛋白酶提取猕猴桃皮和渣中果胶的适宜工艺条件。[结果]0.4%淀粉酶可有效去除猕猴桃皮和渣中的淀粉,其适宜工艺条件为：料液比1∶10.0,50℃下酶解60 min;0.4%胰蛋白酶可有效去除猕猴桃皮和渣中的蛋白质,其适宜工艺条件为：料液比1∶10.0,35℃下酶解60 min。在最佳工艺条件下,经离心、浓缩得到果胶,其中猕猴桃皮和渣中的果胶得率分别为3.10%和1.39%。[结论]通过改良酶法,建立了猕猴桃皮和渣中果胶提取的适宜工艺。     

黄秋葵果胶的提取工艺研究

[目的]优化黄秋葵果胶提取工艺。[方法]采用微波辅助酸解法从黄秋葵中提取果胶,以果胶得率为指标,通过考察酸的类型、酸解pH、微波时间、料液比等影响因素,确定黄秋葵果胶最佳提取工艺。[结果]试验得出,微波辅助酸解法提取黄秋葵果胶的最佳工艺条件为:硫酸、酸解pH为3、微波时间5 min、料液比1∶20 g/ml,在此条件下黄秋葵果胶的提取率为13.89%。[结论]以微波辅助酸解法获得的黄秋葵果胶品质符合国家标准,果胶提取率高,具有较好的经济效益和社会效益。     

Pectin purified from pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel as a natural hatching agent for fish embryos

Pectin is a biodegradable polysaccharide, and it has been recently applied as a gene delivery, drug delivery, wound healing and tissue engineering agent. In this study, pectin was extracted from pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel and characterized. The extraction recovery of pectin form pomelo peel was 14.5%, and it had 72.56% degree of esterification, 1,245.56 equivalent weight, 7.82% methoxyl and 68.27% anhydrouronic acid contents. Use of pomelo pectin as a hatching enhancing agent for fish embryos and its effect on hatching enzyme 1 (ZHE1) was investigated. The pectin‐exposed zebrafish embryos (100 µg/ml) showed significantly (p < .05) higher hatching rate (96.6%) compared with untreated (control) embryos (66.6%) at 60 hpf. The mRNA expression of ZHE1 was also significantly (p < .05) elevated up to 55.6‐fold in pectin‐exposed embryos at 24 hpf. In situ hybridization results revealed remarkably strong expression of ZHE1 in pectin‐exposed embryos compared with the control group. In addition, considerably larger size of the hatching gland was observed in pectin‐exposed larvae than that of the unexposed larvae group. These results clearly indicate that pectin isolated from pomelo peel has an ability to enhance the hatching process of zebrafish embryos via upregulation of ZHE1.     

Effect of feeding fermentable fiber on synthesis of total and mucosal protein in the intestine of the growing pig

In a previous study, a reduced efficiency of ileal digestible threonine (THR) use for body protein deposition was observed in growing pigs when pectin was included in the diet. This response was not due to increased physical endogenous ileal THR loss. Our aim was to explore the contribution of diet-induced increases in protein synthesis in the colon, especially mucins, to dietary THR requirements. Twelve barrows (21 kg mean BW) were fed either a cornstarch–soybean meal-based diet (Control) or Control with 12% pectin (Pectin). Pigs were given intravenously 1.5 mmol/kg BW of L-1-¹³C valine (40 mol%) to measure fractional and absolute synthesis rates (FSR, ASR, respectively) of mucosal and whole intestinal protein in the jejunum and colon. Dietary pectin inclusion increased plasma levels of glucose, isoleucine and glutamine (P < 0.05) but had no effect on insulin or urea nitrogen (P > 0.10). There were no differences in FSR and ASR of whole intestinal protein in jejunum and colon (P > 0.10). The FSR of mucosal proteins in colon, not in jejunum, was increased with dietary pectin supplementation (P < 0.05). Assuming mucosal protein mass is constant, these results imply that the higher protein synthesis in colon mucosa contributes to the reduced THR efficiency observed in pectin-supplemented diet.     

大枣加工中氧化型维生素C和还原型维生素C的变化

以大枣为原料,在浸提、澄清工序中,通过抗氧化剂和果胶酶处理试验,旨在探索大枣在加工过程中氧化型维生素C和还原型维生素C的变化规律,达到最大限度保存大枣中总维生素C的目的。结果表明,(1)采用植酸处理对还原型维生素C的保存效果最好;(2)0.04%的六偏磷酸钠和0.06%的EDTA-2Na对氧化型维生素C和还原型维生素C都具有较好地保存作用;(3)茶多酚和EDTA-2Na对氧化型维生素C的降解起抑制作用;(4)六偏磷酸钠可使氧化型维生素C和总维生素C的含量增高;⑤采用果胶酶处理对氧化型维生素C具有较好地保存作用。     

Ultrastructural study on scab resistance expressed in epidermal pectin layers of pear leaves

Proliferation and collapse of subcuticular hyphae of Venturia nashicola race 1 were studied ultrastructurally, after inoculation of susceptible Japanese pear cv. Kousui, resistant Japanese pear cv. Kinchaku, resistant Asian pear strain Mamenashi 12 and nonhost European pear cv. Flemish Beauty leaves, to understand the nature of the resistance mechanism. After cuticle penetration by the pathogen, the hyphae were observed at lower frequency in epidermal pectin layers and middle lamellae of leaves of the three resistant plants than in those of susceptible ones. This result suggested that fungal growth was suppressed in the incompatible interaction between pear and V. nashicola race 1. In the pectin layers of all inoculated plants, some hyphae had modifications such as breaks in the plasmalemma with plasmolysis, necrotic cytoplasm and degraded cell walls. More hyphae had collapsed in the leaves of the three resistant plants than in those of the susceptible cv. Kousui. In collapsed hyphae, the polymerized cell walls broke into numerous fibrous and amorphous pieces, showing that the scab resistance might be associated with cell wall-degrading enzymes from pear plants.     

不同硼效率棉花品种果胶与不同形态硼含量的差异

溶液培养条件下研究硼(B)对不同B效率棉花品种水溶性果胶、原果胶及水溶性B、酸溶性B含量的影响.结果表明,供B充足时,B低效棉花品种各部位果胶含量均大于高效品种,不同形态B含量也有同样的规律.缺B时,高效品种各部位果胶含量一般高于低效品种.严重缺B使2个棉花品种不同形态B含量均显著降低,水溶性B变化比酸溶性B更明显,低效品种各部位酸溶性B及上部幼叶水溶性B含量降低幅度均大于高效品种,下部老叶和根中水溶性B降低幅度小于高效品种.缺B还使2个品种上部幼叶与下部老叶水溶性B含量比值增加,高效品种增加幅度大于低效品种,该比值在品种间的差异明显大于水溶性B和酸溶性B含量的差异,可以更好地反映不同品种的B效率.