Cytotoxic, cytoprotective and antioxidant effects of isolated phenolic compounds from fresh ginger

Twenty-nine phenolic compounds were isolated from the root bark of fresh (Yunnan) ginger and their structures fully characterized. Selected compounds were divided into structural categories and twelve compounds subjected to in-vitro assays including DPPH radical scavenging, xanthine-oxidase inhibition, monoamine oxidase inhibition, rat-brain homogenate lipid peroxidation, and rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cell and primary liver cell viability to determine their antioxidant and cytoprotective properties. Isolated compounds were also tested against nine human tumor cell lines to characterize anticancer potency. Several diarylheptanoids and epoxidic diarylheptanoids were effective DPPH radical scavengers and moderately effective at inhibiting xanthine oxidase. An enone–dione analog of 6-shogaol (compound 2) was isolated and identified to be most effective at protecting PC12 cells from H₂O₂-induced damage. Almost all tested compounds inhibited lipid peroxidation. Three compounds, 6-shogaol, 10-gingerol and an enone-diarylheptanoid analog of curcumin (compound 6) were identified to be cytotoxic in cell lines tested, with KB and HL60 cells most susceptible to 6-shogaol and the curcumin analog with IC₅₀ < 10 μM. QSAR analysis revealed cytotoxicity was related to compound lipophilicity and chemical reactivity. In conclusion, we observed distinct compounds in fresh ginger to have biological activities relevant in diseases associated with reactive oxygen species.     

Cytotoxicity of Senecio in macrophages is mediated via its induction of oxidative stress

In Arunachal Pradesh and other sub-Himalayan areas of India, accidental consumption of Senecio plants by yaks is often fatal as the plant contains toxic alkaloids like Seneciophylline. The present investigation was undertaken to demonstrate the pro-oxidant effects of an ethanolic extract of Seneciochrysanthemoides (S-EtOH). S-EtOH impaired viability in macrophages, the IC₅₀ being 13.8 ± 1.11 μg/mL. The effect of S-EtOH (1 μg/mL) on generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in macrophages was measured by flow cytometry using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (H₂DCFDA) where it caused a significant increase in the mean fluorescence channel (MFC) from 8.55 ± 0.03 to 47.32 ± 2.25 (p < 0.001). S-EtOH also effected a 3.8-fold increase in extracellular nitric oxide (NO) generation from 4.90 ± 0.72 μM to 18.79 ± 0.32 μM (p < 0.001), a 2.2-fold increase in intracellular NO production, the MFC increasing from 14.95 ± 0.48 to 33.34 ± 1.66 (p < 0.001), and concomitantly depleted non protein thiols as analyzed by flow cytometry using mercury orange, with a reduction in MFC from 632.5 ± 49.44 to 407.4 ± 12.61 (p < 0.01). Additionally, S-EtOH (14 μg/mL, 24 h) caused apoptosis as evident by increased Annexin V binding and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP DNA nick end labeling. Taken together, the cytotoxicity of S-EtOH can be partly attributed to its capacity to inflict oxidative damage via generation of both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species culminating in apoptosis.     

Polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant properties in mango fruits

Fruit of eight mango genotypes were evaluated for antioxidant potential by several biochemical assays (DPPH, ABTS, ORAC, FRAP, SASR and MCC) and tested for their polyphenol composition and vitamin C contents. The significance analysis demonstrated that the antioxidant capacity of Tainong 1 fruits were significantly higher than that of other genotypes, which was about 2.1–6.3-fold higher than Guifei assayed in ABTS, DPPH, ORAC and FRAP methods. The total polyphenols and flavonoids contents showed a great variety amongst mango genotypes and highly correlation with the total antioxidant capacity. It is concluded that significant genotypic difference exists in the total antioxidant capacity of mango fruits. Both total polyphenols and flavonoids are major contributors to the total antioxidant capacity in mango fruit.     

耐迟收水稻品种的筛选及其在淹水降镉中的应用

【目的】随着水稻生产模式机械化、规模化程度的加深,中、晚稻在成熟后,常因天气、收割机械配置、晒场矛盾等引起的不能及时收割问题日益突显,由此造成的产量损失及米质下降也逐渐得到生产者的重视。稻米中镉的积累及其转移至食物链所引起的食品安全问题已成为育种家、生产者的首要关注问题。淹水灌溉可有效降低稻米中镉的含量。推广种植生育期内能耐受持续淹水灌溉的耐迟收（post-maturation sustainability,PMS）水稻品种,可同时解决稻米镉低积累、延时机收的问题。建立科学有效的水稻PMS性状评价体系,并应用该体系开展PMS水稻品种的筛选,为缓解水稻生产上延时收割后产量安全、稻米镉积累安全等生产问题奠定基础。【方法】2018年,在孕穗-黄熟期淹水灌溉条件下,对来自全国的244个品种成熟后植株的倒伏、种子休眠、籽粒落粒等性状进行调查,通过田间观察、数据调查,结合显著性分析,对PMS性状鉴定时间及鉴定值进行鉴定,并对延迟收获后的稻谷碾磨品质、稻米外观品质及糊化温度、胶稠度、直链淀粉含量进行检测。2019年,利用PMS性状鉴定时间及鉴定值,对湖南省推广种植的132个水稻品种进行评价,筛选PMS水稻品种。通过设计孕穗-黄熟期干-湿交替水分管理对照,进行千粒重比较;应用PMS水稻品种开展千亩示范,进行产量及降镉效果检测。【结果】PMS性状评价体系具体为：倒伏的调查时间为成熟后第14天,鉴定值为稻秆与垂直倾斜角度小于45°;落粒性的调查时间为成熟后第7天,鉴定值为小于5.0%;穗发芽率调查时间为成熟后第0天,鉴定值为小于10.0%。2018—2019年共筛选到21个PMS水稻品种。淹水灌溉与干-湿交替灌溉处理间的千粒重差异不显著;千亩示范田中,处理间产量无明显差异;移栽后在孕穗-黄熟期进行淹水管理,稻米镉含量均低于0.20 mg·kg^-1,并显著低于干-湿交替灌溉管理。【结论】根据PMS性状评价体系,筛选获得的PMS水稻品种可经受长期淹水灌溉,成熟后延迟收获时间对产量、米质无明显影响。应用PMS水稻品种,在孕穗-黄熟期结合淹水灌溉,可实现镉中、轻度污染稻田安全生产。     

县域尺度上基于GF-1PMS影像的冬小麦种植面积遥感监测

为探究县域尺度上基于高分一号卫星(GF-1)PMS影像进行冬小麦遥感监测的可行性及精准性,以河南省滑县为研究区,遴选2015年2月上旬GF-1 PMS影像6景,对影像进行辐射定标、FLAASH大气校正、NNDiffuse融合、几何精校正、地图投影转换等预处理后,在外业调查和样本分析的基础上构建一种新的冬小麦决策树分类模型,模型第1层决策方案中NDVI0.311的像元为冬小麦,得到冬小麦的粗分类结果;在此基础上进行第2层决策分类,以进一步提高冬小麦的分类精度,分类方案为第1波段地表反射率0.146、第2波段地表反射率0.148、第3波段地表反射率0.135、第4波段地表反射率0.250的像元为冬小麦。对分类结果进行形态学滤波处理,以消除或减少分类结果中孤立的像元。分别基于决策树分类模型与ENVI软件自带的IsoData非监督分类模型,对比分析GF-1PMS影像和同时期Landsat-8OLI影像在冬小麦面积提取上的精度。结果表明:基于新构建的决策树分类模型,2015年滑县冬小麦种植面积为115 715.81hm2,混淆矩阵检验总体精度为99.62%,Kappa系数为0.99;PMS影像提取冬小麦的混淆矩阵总体精度比OLI影像高出9个百分点。说明县域尺度上基于单时相GF-1PMS影像在冬小麦收获前提取冬小麦种植面积是可行的,提取精度较高。