"九州意蜂"品系选育及生产性能试验的研究

以安徽本地意蜂为育种素材,通过系统选育与定向选育,采用闭锁集团繁育与蜜蜂人工授精技术,选育出九州意蜂品种配套系,该品种配套系蜂王日有效产卵量高,春繁速度快,群势强,越夏越冬效果好,适应安徽地区生态环境和蜜粉源条件,具有蜂蜜高产、蜂王浆高产、蜂蜜和蜂王浆双高产的生产性能。其“中九州1号”(Eg1)属于蜂蜜高产型优良蜂种,同一花期蜂蜜产量明显高于本地意蜂(E(a)P﹤0.01),“九州2号”(Eg2)属于王浆高产型优良蜂种,同一花期王浆产量明显高于本地意蜂(E(a)P﹤0.01),10-HDA含量最高达2.14;水分、蛋白质、酸度基本接近,“九州3号”(Eg3)属于蜂蜜、王浆双高产型优良蜂种,同一花期蜂蜜、王浆产量均明显高于本地意蜂(E(a)P﹤0.01),适应于现代养蜂生产。     

Hypotheses to explain patterns of population change among breeding bird species in England

Population declines are now evident across many taxa, but within each assemblage there is often considerable variation in constituent population trends. We used bird population trends produced from the BTO/JNCC Common Birds Census (CBC) and the RSPB/BTO/JNCC Breeding Bird Survey (BBS), to test five main hypotheses to explain population changes of 59 breeding species in England (1967-2006): (1) breeding habitat, (2) predation risk to nest sites, (3) species climatic niche, (4) migration strategy, and (5) over-wintering bioclimatic zones of migrants, accounting for additional demographic and ecological traits. In absence of phylogenetic inter-relatedness, farmland species declined more than woodland species, most pronounced prior to 1986, probably reflecting agricultural intensification (1). We found limited support that ground nesters have declined more than above-ground or cavity nesters (2), and there was some indication that species with more northerly European distributions showed larger declines than more southerly-distributed species (3). Larger population declines were recorded for Afro-tropical migrants than species wintering in Europe or in the UK, most notable prior to 1986 (4). However, declines were not uniform across all migrants (5) - species over-wintering in the arid savannah bioclimatic zone of Africa decreased in population between 1967 and 1976, whereas species wintering in humid West African forest and savannah declined more after 1987. These results suggest both breeding and over-wintering factors influenced population trends. European countries signed to the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals are required to protect and conserve populations of migrants. Understanding connectivity between breeding and over-wintering populations, and similar environmental pressures experienced within over-wintering areas may be a useful step towards mitigating against further declines in migrants.     

Worms from the cold: Lumbricid life stages in boreal clay during frost

The vertical distribution and activity of earthworm life stages were studied in an arable field during 0.5 m deep frost. The anecic Lumbricus terrestris L. were below the frost at the bottom of their home burrows (max. depth 1.0 m) and remained there apparently active. Their burrows were open, free of ice and water. The endogeic Aporrectodea caliginosa Sav., mainly small juveniles, were aestivating in the frost layer, which confirms freeze-tolerance in this species. Large A. caliginosa individuals were actively burrowing below the frost down to 1 m depth at soil temperatures close to +1 °C, frost evidently triggering much deeper burrowing than summer droughts. Demonstrating cold-hardiness, viable cocoons of both A. caliginosa and L. terrestris were obtained within a 0-0.25 m layer, frozen for ca. one month prior to sampling. These two common earthworms of boreal soils seem to over-winter in all life stages and remain active below the frost, potentially contributing to the maintenance of subsoil processes during the winter months.     

大白菜种籽产量构成及小株露地越冬制种技术

研究结果表明 :大白菜不同分枝级别产种量、有效荚数、单枝荚数在单株上的比例是 2级分枝 >1级分枝 >3级分枝 >主茎 ;单株产种量与分枝数、单株荚数呈极显著正相关 ;大白菜种籽产量构成因素中单株分枝数是主要因素。大白菜小株露地冬前定植越冬制种 ,以增加 1级分枝和 2级分枝为主攻方向 ,可增产 30 % ,千粒重增加 10 %。     

胡子鲶冬春囤养技术

对胡子鲶在我国北方地区的越冬进行了研究,试验及推广情况表明:采用内建越冬水泥池,外面搭建保温棚的方法,在越冬池内营造适宜的越冬环境对胡子鲶进行越冬是可行的;并对越冬棚的构建、越冬期间的管理等进行了总结,为其他热带鱼类在我国北方地区的越冬提供了成功的借鉴经验。     

不同越冬处理对苹果幼树抽条和黄酮质量分数的影响

以富士和金富苹果为材料,采用建造阳畦、缠薄膜、“小温室”越冬等方法,调查不同越冬方式对2a生苹果幼树越冬抽条的影响,测定越冬期枝条电导率和黄酮质量分数变化.结果表明,苹果幼树越冬期枝条电导率呈先降再升的趋势,最低值在12月下旬,萌芽前最高,萌芽前枝条电导率的高低与幼树抽条呈正相关;枝条黄酮质量分数则表现为先升后降的趋势,最高值在2月下旬,萌芽前最低,越冬期幼树抽条率与枝条韧皮部黄酮质量分数变化幅度呈正相关.“小温室”与树体缠膜幼树越冬抽条率低,其枝条电解质渗出率和黄酮质量分数均显著低于阳畦和对照.不同品种间,富士枝条电导率稍低于金富,但变幅较大,其黄酮变幅高于金富.树体缠薄膜和“小温室”方法是目前甘肃沿黄地区苹果幼树安全越冬最有效的方法.     

宁夏酿酒葡萄不同埋土方式越冬效果的比较

为探索北方传统埋土方式和其他不同埋土方式下葡萄根部及藤蔓部温度变化规律及其保温效果,对宁夏贺兰山东麓冬季酿酒葡萄不同埋土方式下保温性能进行对比研究。结果表明,1)土覆乙烯醋酸-乙烯酯(EVA)膜的保温效果最好,翌年葡萄品质、产量最佳,产量高出传统埋土方式30%。2)传统埋土方式下葡萄冻害依然存在,虽埋土带下根部受冻较轻,但埋土区域外的侧根严重受冻。3)土覆EVA膜为推荐使用的北方冬季埋土越冬方式,其他推荐的方式依次是土覆聚氯乙烯(PVC)膜、土覆聚乙烯(PE)膜、PVC膜覆土及沟埋。     

北方寒旱区白菜型冬油菜安全越冬的临界指标分析

利用2011-2014年北方13个省、市、区48个不同生态点试验的数据,分析不同品种在不同生态点的越冬率、产量变化,越冬率与产量的相关性,旨在研究白菜型冬油菜在北方不同生态区的越冬安全性,确定北方冬油菜通用的安全越冬的越冬率临界值,明确影响北方冬油菜越冬率的主要因子。结果表明,不同白菜型冬油菜品种在北方不同生态地区越冬率差异较大,产量也差异较大,越冬率变幅为10%~99%,强抗寒品种越冬率>70%。回归分析表明,越冬率与产量存在明显的线性正相关,回归方程符合y=ax+b, 当越冬率<70%时,产量随越冬率的增加而增加,当越冬率为70%时单位面积产量基本趋于稳定, 越冬率大于70%时,越冬率对产量的影响不明显。协方差分析表明,与冬油菜越冬率相关性最为密切的因子是品种,其次是极端最低气温、冬季气温、年均气温、≤0℃的冬季负积温、纬度、经度等。因此,70%的越冬率可作为北方地区冬油菜通用安全越冬的越冬率临界值,采用强抗寒品种,极端最低气温–31.79℃、冬季气温–7.20℃、年均气温6.38℃、负积温–997.57℃,纬度低于44.83°,经度高于80.34°是保证冬油菜安全越冬的必要条件。     

寒地冬小麦不同品种越冬期组织结构的差异

冻害在冬小麦越冬期间能影响小麦的生长发育,并导致减产甚至绝产。为深入了解冬小麦的抗寒机制,通过调查统计以及显微观察,比较了冬小麦不同抗寒性品种东农冬麦1号(强冬性)、Nostar(半冬性)和济麦22(弱冬性)在黑龙江等高寒地区越冬期间分蘖节形态结构和显微结构的差异。结果表明,具有不同枯死度、返青率的冬小麦品种的生活习性、冬前分蘖、叶距、叶宽和分蘖节维管束的分布比例皆存在显著性差异。东农冬麦1号冬前分蘖数、返青率、分蘖节维管束分布比例较高,枯死度、叶距、叶宽较小,生长锥下方的15层细胞较小,组织结构紧密,生长锥外形为敦胖形;东农冬麦1号和Nostar在越冬前维管束组织较完整,济麦22的维管束呈现破损。东农冬麦1号返青率与冬前分蘖数、维管束比例呈极显著正相关,而与其他指标呈显著负相关。     

肥水一体化膜下滴灌在日光温室越冬茬黄瓜上的应用

[目的]探寻在日光温室作物栽培中可有效利用水资源的灌溉技术。[方法]采用示范对比的方法研究了肥水一体化膜下滴灌技术在目光温室越冬茬黄瓜上的应用效果。[结果]试验得出,滴灌比漫灌可节省费用5985元／hm^2,平均增产23 755kg／hm^2,增产率为20．99％,每茬可节水4318t／hm^2,比漫灌节水近一半。[结论]肥水一体化膜下滴灌技术经济和社会效益显著,应大力推广。