Effect of position and orientation of leaflet explants with respect to plant growth regulators on micropropagation of Zamioculcas zamiifolia Engl. (ZZ)

Micropropagation studies on Zamioculcas zamiifolia Engl. (ZZ) as to the position and orientation of leaflet explants and plant growth regulators were carried out. Explants consisted of leaflet lamina from the basal or apical part of the leaflet with or without petiolule or midrib that were placed vertically into the medium except for the explants with midrib from the basal part of the leaflet that were placed horizontally as well. The explants were cultured on solid Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) with 30 g l⁻¹ sucrose, supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at 2 or 4 mg l⁻¹ and 6-benzyladenine (BA) at 0 or 4.44 μM in all (four) possible combinations, or with 1-naphteleneacetic acid (NAA) at 0 or 5.38 μM and BA at 0 or 4.44 μM in all (four) possible combinations (establishment medium). The morphogenic response was direct from all types of leaflet explants and varied only with respect to different plant growth regulators of the medium: 2,4-D combined or not with BA formed somatic embryo-like structures; NAA alone produced tubers and roots; BA alone resulted mainly in leaves; NAA combined with BA produced mainly roots. The intensity of the response varied accordingly to the explant type and orientation. Explants with petiolule or midrib from the basal part of the leaflet showed the highest morphogenic response compared to explants without petiolule or midrib or to explants from the apical part of the leaflet, in all the plant growth regulator combinations used. Explants with midrib from the basal part of the leaflet placed vertically into the media showed higher morphogenic response compared to those placed horizontally on the medium surface. With the objective to regenerate plantlets, explants were subcultured on MS with NAA and BA at various concentrations based on the explant response in the establishment medium, taking into consideration the initial explant type. The initial explant type did not affect the response in the subculture. Most plantlets (a tuber with roots and one leaf with one pair of leaflets) were produced by explants with embryo-like structures induced in a medium with only 2,4-D. Explants with tubers induced in a medium with NAA gave plantlets at 65–85% when subcultured in a medium with 4.44 μM BA alone or in combination with 2.69 μM NAA. Explants with leaves induced in a medium with BA and explants with roots induced in a medium with NAA and BA gave plantlets at low percentages (20–40%). The best response was produced by explants with embryo like structures induced in a medium with only 2,4-D which gave plantlets at 100% when subcultured in the medium with 2.69 μM NAA and 2.22 μM BA. Plantlets raised in different treatments were transplanted ex vitro after 22 weeks and exhibited 80–100% survival.     

气孔蛋白同源物在单、双子叶植物中的生物信息学分析

本文对NCBI数据库中的4种单子叶植物（玉米,高粱,水稻和二穗短柄草）和5种双子叶植物（筷子芥,大豆,蒺藜苜蓿,毛果杨和蓖麻）的气孔蛋白同源物,利用生物信息学分析工具在基因结构、碱基组成、氨基酸理化性质、信号肽结构、磷酸化位点、二级结构及三维结构上进行了比较分析,并构建系统进化树。结果表明,单、双子叶植物中的气孔蛋白同源物在基因结构上均由3个外显子和2个内含子构成;编码的蛋白均属于不稳定的疏水性蛋白,且存在信号肽结构和C端保守的6个半胱氨酸残基;在保守的成熟肽区段含有酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点（T）,不含α-螺旋结构,但三维结构基本一致。它们之间的不同点如下：单子叶植物气孔蛋白同源物在基因结构上存在一致的上游同框终止密码子,且G-C含量高于双子叶植物,而AT含量低于双子叶植物;单子叶植物中气孔蛋白同源物的氨基酸残基数目较庞大（除大豆外）,在前肽和信号肽区域分别含有相对保守的酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点（S）和N端豆蔻酰化位点;二级结构中的延伸折叠结构和任意卷曲结构分别多于和少于双子叶植物。系统进化树表明,气孔蛋白在单子叶作物和双子叶植物之间产生了进化上的差异。气孔蛋白同源物在单、双子叶植物中存在明显的差异,这可能与基因的表达调控以及蛋白功能的活化机制有关。但是否与单、双子叶植物表皮细胞气孔的形态差异有关仍待进一步的研究。     

农杆菌在单子叶植物上的研究进展

在植物基因工程中,农杆菌质粒介导的遗传转化是比较完善与有效的基因转移方法,但在单子叶植物上应用较少。在此,对农杆菌介导植物的机理与特点、影响农杆菌转化单子叶植物的因素、农杆菌介导转化单子叶植物的研究进展及其应用前景进行了较全面分析。     

农杆菌在单子叶植物上的研究进展

在植物基因工程中,农杆菌质粒介导的遗传转化是比较完善与有效的基因转移方法,但在单子叶植物上应用较少。在此,对农杆菌介导植物的机理与特点、影响农杆菌转化单子叶植物的因素、农杆菌介导转化单子叶植物的研究进展及其应用前景进行了较全面分析。