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1.
A. V. TYLER 《Fisheries Oceanography》1992,1(1):97-107
In many cases when ecologists want to investigate a process, they often look for the best system on which to conduct the research, "best" meaning that the possibility of discovering mechanisms is optimized or made easier in some way. In fisheries we do it backwards. The species and system are given to us by economics, and we then fly in the face of the difficult circumstances to find mechanisms that are elusive anyway. These difficult circumstances constitute in some sense the first set of statistical problems. Using examples from the Northeast Pacific, I review the characteristics of cohort time series that make some species more tractable; propose a conscious process of conceptualization to assist in the formulation of clear, germane hypotheses; highlight the contrast between modeling in the sense of statistical fitting versus simulation models of processes; explore how the first round of models integrates with the second round of planning for new data collection at sea and in the lab; and, finally, propose how to judge success in terms of an operational approach. 相似文献
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A. Bhogal A. Bhogal M.A. Shepherd D.J. Hatch L. Brown S.C. Jarvis 《Soil Use and Management》2001,17(3):163-172
Abstract. The ability of two nitrogen cycle models, of contrasting complexity, to predict N mineralization from a range of grassland soils in the UK, was evaluated. These were NCYCLE, a simple mass balance model of the N cycle in UK grasslands, and CENTURY, a more complex model simulating long-term C, N, P & S dynamics in grassland ecosystems. The models were tested using field measurements of net N mineralization from a range of grassland soils (differing in soil type, history & management practice), obtained over a 2 year period using a soil core incubation technique. This method was considered to measure the total net release of mineral N from the soil organic matter over a specified time, including N which may have been recycled several times. NCYCLE consistently under-estimated mineralization rates at all sites. By contrast, there was some correlation between CENTURY predictions of net N mineralization and field measurements. This may have reflected the different abilities of the two models to simulate N recycling. Neither model, however, was able to predict adequately the effect of cultivation and reseeding on net N mineralization. 相似文献
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阜康荒漠绿洲土地利用景观格局受自然分异和水土资源开发利用程度的制约 ,通过划分景观样带和选取景观空间格局指标 ,本文重点揭示该区域景观格局的变化及其影响因子。结果表明 :( 1 ) 1 987年至 1 998年间阜康土地利用景观格局变化主要表现为耕地面积在洪积扇上增加 ,在冲积平原上下降 ;荒地则刚好相反。林地面积在低山丘陵带和洪积扇带下降 ,在冲积平原上没有变化。牧草地面积在低山丘陵带上升 ,其他各带均下降。城镇面积在各样带上都有所增加 ,水域各带基本不变。 ( 2 )低山丘陵带和洪积扇带景观多样性和均匀度下降 ,优势度上升 ;而冲积平原则多样性和均匀度上升 ,优势度下降。景观破碎度有增加的趋势 ,表明了人为影响的不断增强。 相似文献
4.
Landscape modeling requires the delineation of system boundaries and interior features. Quite often, these components are
complex and difficult to accurately represent. A rectangular grid is used to represent the study and adjacent non-study areas
in most cases. When the non-study area occupies a large portion of the grid, computer memory is wasted, and computational
time increases. An elliptical grid generator for non-orthogonal curvilinear coordinates is used to generate a boundary-fitted
grid for a landscape model. In a boundary-fitted grid coordinate system, one coordinate axis follows the landscape domain
boundary and is non-orthogonal to the second axis. The boundary-fitted grid uses elliptic partial differential equations to
distribute grid points inside the landscape domain. Although the boundary-fitted grid follows the domain boundary, the grid
pattern and point allocation remain structured. Thus, a landscape model can use a boundary-fitted grid without changing the
model’s data structure or the computational scheme. In this study, a boundary-fitted grid and a raster-based grid were applied
to the Everglades Landscape Fire Model. Use of the boundary-fitted grid decreased model simulation time by about one fifth
and computer storage by 58% relative to the raster-based grid. Also, the linear characteristics of interior geographical features
such as rivers and airboat trails were preserved by the boundary-fitted grid, but not by the raster-based grid. This preservation
provided a more reasonable base map for simulating ecological processes, such as fire across heterogenous landscapes. 相似文献
5.
RESEARCHSITELivingfue1splayedanimportantroleinheatconcentrationactionorinheatsourceofforestfire.Whenitshumiditydecreasestoacertainlevel,theybecameaheatsourcewhenthelivingcombustibl-eswerecombinedwithfire.Thus,itwasessentialhowtodeterminethemoisturesituationandthefOrestfiredangerdegreetobeforecastedaccurately.Thedynamicmodelspresentedinthispaperwereusefultosolvethisproblem.Everyyear,-therewerealotofforestfires,especiallythefireoccurrenceinDaxinganMountains,inthespringofl987.Itwasveryimpo… 相似文献
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近年来,我国的景观植物产业得到了很大发展,但仍存在很多问题,为了解决这些问题,我们开发了景观植物信息查询系统(简称LPIIS)。LPIIS的构建包括后台数据库和管理系统2部分,以Microsoft Access开发后台景观植物数据库,实现各种零散的景观植物数据资料的数字化;采用面向对象的开发语言VB进行信息系统的界面设计和系统集成,实现了人性化的界面,操作更为方便。LPIIS的出现改变了过去景观植物信息管理的手工方式,具有可视化人性化的界面、提供多媒体信息、数据的维护和更新具有继承性、后台数据库可方便的移植于网络等特点。 相似文献
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桂花在园林景观设计中的应用 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
对桂花植物造景的配置原则、园林应用进行概述和研究,提出因地制宜、层次错落、季相变化、背景烘托、民族传统的配置原则,并就园林应用上桂花的独立造景,桂花与其他植物的配置,桂花与山石、建筑物的配置作了分述。 相似文献