The influence of sampling scheme and interpolation method on the power to detect spatial effects of forest birds in Ontario (Canada)

Spatial ecology is becoming an increasingly important component of resource management, and the general monitoring of how human activities affect the distribution and abundance of wildlife. Yet most work on the reliability of sampling strategies is based on a non-spatial analysis of variance paradigm, and little work has been done assessing the power of alternative spatial methods for creating reliable maps of animal abundance. Such a map forms a critical response variable for multiple scale studies relating landscape structure to biotic function. The power to reconstruct patterns of distribution and abundance is influenced by sample placement strategy and density, the nature of spatial auto-correlation among points, and by the technique used to extrapolate points into an animal abundance map. Faced with uncertainty concerning the influence of these factors, we chose to first synthesize a model reference system of known properties and then evaluate the relative performance of alternative sampling and mapping procedures using it. We used published habitat associations of tree nesting boreal neo-tropical birds, a classified habitat map from the Manitou Lakes area of northwestern Ontario, and point count means and variances determined from field studies in boreal Canada to create 4 simulated models of avian abundance to function as reference maps. Four point sampling strategies were evaluated by 4 spatial mapping methods. We found mixed-cluster sampling to be an effective point sampling strategy, particularly when high habitat fragmentation was avoided by restricting samples to habitat patches >10 ha in size. We also found that of the 4 mapping methods, only stratified ordinary point kriging (OPK) was able to generate maps that reproduced an embedded landscape-scale spatial effect that reduced nesting bird abundance in areas of higher forest age-class fragmentation. Global OPK was effective only for detecting broader, regional-scale differences. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

田间土壤特性的空间相关结构分析及其分布描述

本文对雄县试区试验田的土壤特性空间变异性进行经典统计分析，并利用地质统计学半方差分析法定量描述土壤特性的空间相关结构，然后使用Ｋｒｉｇｉｎｇ最优内插估值法得到了田间土壤特性参数的空间分布等值图。分析结果表明，该试验田０～１００ｃｍ土壤范围内的平均含水量不仅在整个空间分布上而且在纵横曲型剖面上都呈现出弱变异性，空间相关结构显著，相关距离约６０～８０ｍ。采用上述结论和等值图不但能减少样本采样的数量和密度，还能根据田间含水量的空间分布特征合理布点采样，实施土壤墒情的科学监测。     

精准农业土壤采样栅格划分方法的研究

针对精准农业技术应用的日益普及,通过对一个地块土壤养分进行详细栅格采样分析,利用计算机插值的方法对土壤中各种营养元素和微量元素进行了分析。在采样栅格大小不同的条件下,随机选择5个采样点进行插值,分析了5个采样点在不同栅格采样条件下的插值结果。通过插值计算得到土壤中的全氮、速效氮和速效磷随着采样栅格的加大,插值点处的插值误差呈现出加大的趋势,但对于速效钾和其他的微量元素则呈现出与之不同的结论,采样点在田间的分布将直接影响计算机插值计算的分析结果     

山地丘陵耕地土壤养分最优插值方法研究——以江西省渝水区水北镇为例

以江西省渝水区水北镇为研究区,利用823个采样点的耕地土壤养分数据,分析区内耕地土壤养分含量与海拔、坡度的相关性,采用协同克里格插值方法,结合海拔、坡度进行插值,并把经交叉检验后的结果与逆距离权重法、普通克里格法的结果进行比较.结果表明,结合海拔、坡度进行插值后,精度有明显提高.插值精度排序为协同克里格法>普通克里格法...     

西北干旱区农田春小麦蒸散量的空间插值方法

综合运用传统统计分析方法和地质统计分析方法,研究了西北旱区春小麦蒸散量在不同生育阶段的时空变异特征,并分析了试验区表层土壤储水量和叶面积指数对春小麦蒸散量的影响关系,通过分析比较,筛选表层土壤储水量为协同因子,并将其应用到试验区春小麦蒸散量的空间插值研究中。研究结果表明:在所研究的条件下,即使外观较为均匀、面积相对较小的农田,春小麦蒸散量仍具有较高的空间变异(变异系数范围0.328~0.495);当降雨入渗深度小于20 cm时,表层土壤储水量(0~20 cm)是影响研究区春小麦蒸散量变异的主要因子,春小麦不同生育期累积蒸散量与表层土壤储水量变化的相关系数在0.8~0.9之间,远大于春小麦累积蒸散量与叶面积指数的相关系数;基于表层土壤储水量的蒸散量协同克里金空间插值分析与地面实测结果相比,仅42个蒸散量地面采样数据即可保证研究区春小麦蒸散量估计精度高于90%。     

土壤速效磷含量空问插值方法比较研究

采用土壤空间变异及其插值方法,对上海五四农场现代化农业园区水稻田60m×60m间隔采样,得到280个土壤有机质含量、速效磷、速效钾、全N、全P等采样数据,用逆距离加权、球面多项式、局部多项式、辐射基础函数、简单克立格、通用克立格、平常克立格(指数模型、球形模型、高斯模型、静态模型)等插值方法,对该区土壤速效磷含量的140采样点进行插值,得到各种插值的速效磷连续空间分布,将插值所得拟合值与同期测得的另140个采样点数据进行比较,则局部多项式插值、球面多项式和3种克立格插值方法效果较好,其中局部多项式插值方法效果最佳,平常克立格的静态模型、高斯模型和球形模型插值效果较佳。     

凸轮廓线插补误差及插补点的分割

论述了在ＮＣ机床上加工凸轮廓线时轮廓插补误差的确定方法,指出了直线插补和圆弧插补的应用范围,建立了分割插补点的表达式     

Prediction of soil depth using environmental variables in an anthropogenic landscape, a case study in the Western Ghats of Kerala, India

Soil (regolith) depth is a crucial input for modeling earth surface phenomena. However, most studies ignore its spatial variability. Techniques that map the spatial variability of soil depth are of three types: (1) physically-based; (2) empirico-statistical from environmental correlates; and (3) interpolation from point observations. In an anthropogenic landscape, soil depth does not depend primarily on natural processes, making it difficult to apply a physically-based approach. The present study compares empirico-statistical methods with geostatistical methods for predicting soil depth in such a landscape: Aruvikkal catchment (9.5 km²) in the Western Ghats of Kerala, India. Regression kriging applied on blocks of 20 m by 20 m using the environmental covariates elevation, slope, aspect, curvature, wetness index, land use and distance from streams, proved to be the best predictor of soil depth. This model explains 52% of the variability of soil depth in the catchment; with a prediction variance of 0.05 to 0.19. A Gaussian simulation was attempted for a more realistic visualization of the depth, as opposed to the smooth kriging prediction. The most important explanatory variable of soil depth in this landscape is land use, as expected from the strong human intervention.     

基于GIS的库车县耕地土壤质量综合评价

土壤质量评价,是农业可持续发展研究的重要内容之一,对土地资源的科学利用和管理具有重要的现实意义。基于库车县实地采样数据,采用土壤质量指数综合评价模型(SQI),在ArcGIS地统计分析模块的支持下,对研究区土壤质量指数进行克里格(Kriging)空间插值。研究结果表明：库车县耕层土壤的质量指数多在0.3~0.6左右,少数区域的SQI值在0.3以下及0.6以上;在空间分布上,土壤质量指数总体上呈带状和斑块状分布,土壤综合质量在南北方向高于东西方向,且由绿洲中部向绿洲外围递减的变化趋势,研究区中部区域的土壤质量较周围区域的土壤质量好。     

山区丘陵地带土壤有机质插值方法的研究——以安徽省东至县为例

以安徽省东至县为例,系统研究了反距离加权插值法、径向基插值法、全局多项式插值法、局部多项式插值法、普通克里格插值法、简单克里格插值法、泛克里格插值法和析取克里格插值法对区域土壤有机质空间变异评价准确性的影响。结果表明,普通克里格插值法优于其他插值方法,所以东至县土壤有机质的插值分析应使用普通克里格插值法。