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1.
The influence of sampling scheme and interpolation method on the power to detect spatial effects of forest birds in Ontario (Canada) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Spatial ecology is becoming an increasingly important component of resource management, and the general monitoring of how
human activities affect the distribution and abundance of wildlife. Yet most work on the reliability of sampling strategies
is based on a non-spatial analysis of variance paradigm, and little work has been done assessing the power of alternative
spatial methods for creating reliable maps of animal abundance. Such a map forms a critical response variable for multiple
scale studies relating landscape structure to biotic function. The power to reconstruct patterns of distribution and abundance
is influenced by sample placement strategy and density, the nature of spatial auto-correlation among points, and by the technique
used to extrapolate points into an animal abundance map. Faced with uncertainty concerning the influence of these factors,
we chose to first synthesize a model reference system of known properties and then evaluate the relative performance of alternative
sampling and mapping procedures using it. We used published habitat associations of tree nesting boreal neo-tropical birds,
a classified habitat map from the Manitou Lakes area of northwestern Ontario, and point count means and variances determined
from field studies in boreal Canada to create 4 simulated models of avian abundance to function as reference maps. Four point
sampling strategies were evaluated by 4 spatial mapping methods. We found mixed-cluster sampling to be an effective point
sampling strategy, particularly when high habitat fragmentation was avoided by restricting samples to habitat patches >10
ha in size. We also found that of the 4 mapping methods, only stratified ordinary point kriging (OPK) was able to generate
maps that reproduced an embedded landscape-scale spatial effect that reduced nesting bird abundance in areas of higher forest
age-class fragmentation. Global OPK was effective only for detecting broader, regional-scale differences.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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本文对雄县试区试验田的土壤特性空间变异性进行经典统计分析,并利用地质统计学半方差分析法定量描述土壤特性的空间相关结构,然后使用Kriging最优内插估值法得到了田间土壤特性参数的空间分布等值图。分析结果表明,该试验田0~100cm土壤范围内的平均含水量不仅在整个空间分布上而且在纵横曲型剖面上都呈现出弱变异性,空间相关结构显著,相关距离约60~80m。采用上述结论和等值图不但能减少样本采样的数量和密度,还能根据田间含水量的空间分布特征合理布点采样,实施土壤墒情的科学监测。 相似文献
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针对精准农业技术应用的日益普及,通过对一个地块土壤养分进行详细栅格采样分析,利用计算机插值的方法对土壤中各种营养元素和微量元素进行了分析。在采样栅格大小不同的条件下,随机选择5个采样点进行插值,分析了5个采样点在不同栅格采样条件下的插值结果。通过插值计算得到土壤中的全氮、速效氮和速效磷随着采样栅格的加大,插值点处的插值误差呈现出加大的趋势,但对于速效钾和其他的微量元素则呈现出与之不同的结论,采样点在田间的分布将直接影响计算机插值计算的分析结果 相似文献
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Presettlement land survey records (PLSRs) are a valuable and unique source of information for the reconstruction of presettlement
forest patterns. The purpose of this study was to determine whether coarsely resolved PLSRs are adequate to characterize the
spatial patterns of individual tree species over large areas. The General Land Office Survey records of the PLSRs of Minnesota
were used and species selected in the analysis were based on their abundances and degrees of clustering. A geostatistical
procedure was developed to analyze observations of bearing-tree point-locations, at progressively coarser resolutions from
1×1 mile to 24×24 miles, to create spatially continuous probability surfaces of species occurrences across the landscape.
Statistical and visual analyses of the geostatistical predictions indicated that coarsely resolved PLSRs, as coarse as 24×24 miles,
can adequately represent the spatial pattern of individual species over large areas. Mean errors in predictions increased
as more coarsely resolved data were used, primarily in response to the decreased abundance of a species and minorly in response
to the degree of spatial clustering of a species. The results indicate that coarsely resolved township-level data of 6×6 miles
can be used for presettlement vegetation reconstruction of large areas of several counties. 相似文献
8.
综合运用传统统计分析方法和地质统计分析方法,研究了西北旱区春小麦蒸散量在不同生育阶段的时空变异特征,并分析了试验区表层土壤储水量和叶面积指数对春小麦蒸散量的影响关系,通过分析比较,筛选表层土壤储水量为协同因子,并将其应用到试验区春小麦蒸散量的空间插值研究中。研究结果表明:在所研究的条件下,即使外观较为均匀、面积相对较小的农田,春小麦蒸散量仍具有较高的空间变异(变异系数范围0.328~0.495);当降雨入渗深度小于20 cm时,表层土壤储水量(0~20 cm)是影响研究区春小麦蒸散量变异的主要因子,春小麦不同生育期累积蒸散量与表层土壤储水量变化的相关系数在0.8~0.9之间,远大于春小麦累积蒸散量与叶面积指数的相关系数;基于表层土壤储水量的蒸散量协同克里金空间插值分析与地面实测结果相比,仅42个蒸散量地面采样数据即可保证研究区春小麦蒸散量估计精度高于90%。 相似文献
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采用土壤空间变异及其插值方法,对上海五四农场现代化农业园区水稻田60m×60m间隔采样,得到280个土壤有机质含量、速效磷、速效钾、全N、全P等采样数据,用逆距离加权、球面多项式、局部多项式、辐射基础函数、简单克立格、通用克立格、平常克立格(指数模型、球形模型、高斯模型、静态模型)等插值方法,对该区土壤速效磷含量的140采样点进行插值,得到各种插值的速效磷连续空间分布,将插值所得拟合值与同期测得的另140个采样点数据进行比较,则局部多项式插值、球面多项式和3种克立格插值方法效果较好,其中局部多项式插值方法效果最佳,平常克立格的静态模型、高斯模型和球形模型插值效果较佳。 相似文献
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论述了在NC机床上加工凸轮廓线时轮廓插补误差的确定方法,指出了直线插补和圆弧插补的应用范围,建立了分割插补点的表达式 相似文献