Phenotypic variability in different strains of Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi isolated from different hosts

One hundred and sixty strains of Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi from Olea europaea, Olea europaea var. sylvestris, Nerium oleander, Fraxinus angustifolia and Retama sphaerocarpa, and four type strains of other pathovars were studied, investigating 102 phenotypic traits, among which we include biochemical characteristics, assimilation of different carbon sources, sensitivity or resistance to antibiotics and indoleacetic acid (IAA) production. Results were analysed with an affinity dendrogram via the Jaccard coefficient. They indicate an influence of environmental factors on the formation of the 15 phenons obtained, since isolated (knot) strains from the same species but different geographical areas are segregated. Segregation, also detected in strains from different hosts within the same area, added to the pathogenicity test helps to characterise these strains as different pathovars.     

Variation in Leaf Shapes of Nitraria Species and Effect on Leaf δ13C

Leaf shapes are not only the useful indicators in plant taxonomy,but also the important factors affecting energy and material exchange in leaves.In this paper,we collected and scanned the leaves of Nitraria tangutorum in Dengkou of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region（the mean annual precipitation 145 mm） and Minqin of Gansu Province （the mean annual precipitation 115 mm） and N. sphaerocarpa in Dunhuang,and then analyzed leaf shape parameters with Image - Pro Plus6.0 image processing software and leafδ¹³C values in the isotope laboratory of the Chinese Academy of Forestry.The result showed that:1) as leaf area increased with increasing water availability the increases in the leaf length and width were asynchronously;2) with the same leaf width,the 1 eaves of N.tangutorum and N.sphaerocarpa were significantly longer in high water available conditions;and 3) although there were significantly differences in water availability between Dengkou and Minqin,as well as between the bottom and middle of the alluvial fan near the East Lake in Dunhuang,the leafδ¹³C values of N.tangutorum or N.sphaerocarpa were similar in different water conditions（P>0.05）.Our results suggested that the ratio of leaf perimeter to area would be an important factor which linked leaf shape to plant water physiology.During growing procedure of leaf area,leaf length increase was prior to its width to alleviate the reduction in ratio of perimeter to area and maintain water use efficiency of the plant.     

不同干扰程度对巴音温都尔沙漠球果白刺灌丛空间格局影响的研究

球果白刺(Nitraria sphaerocarpa)作为巴音温都尔沙漠的重要建群种,具有很高的饲用价值和防风固沙作用。为了探究巴音温都尔沙漠球果白刺在不同干扰程度下灌丛空间格局分布的差异,通过每公顷放牧骆驼的数量来划定不同干扰程度的群落(未干扰群落,骆驼0峰/hm^2;轻度干扰群落,骆驼约0.6峰/hm^2;中度干扰群落,骆驼约1峰/hm^2),分析不同干扰程度对球果白刺灌丛空间点格局分布的影响。结果表明:(1)群落内的球果白刺现存量干重从大到小依次为未干扰的群落(73.33 g/m^2)>轻度干扰的群落(17.67 g/m^2)>中度干扰的群落(13.58 g/m^2);空斑总面积从大到小依次为中度干扰的群落(2 335 m^2)>轻度干扰的群落(2 241.25 m^2)>未干扰的群落(2 143 m^2)。(2)样方内的球果白刺数量从多到少依次为中度干扰的群落(459株)>轻度干扰的群落(272株)>未干扰的群落(142株),随着干扰程度的降低,个体在逐渐增大。(3)中度干扰的球果白刺群落内,在0~3 m、4~19 m的尺度内表现为随机分布,在3~4 m、19~25 m的尺度内表现为聚集分布。轻度干扰的球果白刺群落内,在0~12 m、13~25 m的尺度内表现为随机分布,在12~13 m的尺度内表现为聚集分布。未干扰的群落内,球果白刺表现为随机分布。     

本氏烟草中异源合成抗癌药物葫芦素前体

葫芦素具有显著的抗癌活性,解析其生物合成途径对异源生产葫芦素具有重要意义。葫芦素首先由葫芦二烯醇（Cuol）在氧化鲨烯环化酶（OSCs）家族的葫芦二烯醇合酶（CBS）催化下生成2,3-氧化鲨烯,后者在细胞色素P450(CYP)等酶催化下氧化修饰产生葫芦素系列化合物。本研究在建立高效的根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）介导的瞬时表达体系的基础上,将雪胆（Hemsleya chinensis Cogn.）CBS基因（HcOSC6）与截短的燕麦（Avena strigosa）3-羟基-3-甲基-戊二酰辅酶A还原酶基因（tHMGR）共表达,通过不断优化烟草共表达体系,将本氏烟草（Nicotiana benthamiana）叶片中的Cuol产量从2.832 mg/g（干重）提高到9.48 mg/g（干重）。同时,将雪胆的HcCYP87D20共渗入烟草叶片,获得葫芦素生物合成的重要中间体11-羰基-20β-羟基-葫芦二烯醇。本研究结果将为葫芦素的高效异源合成提供理论依据。     

Microhabitat effects on herbaceous nutrient concentrations at the community and species level in Mediterranean open woodlands: the role of species composition

The presence of a woody canopy in open oak woodlands affects not only the nutrition but also the species composition of the herbaceous community. Yet, the contribution of both effects (changes in nutrient concentrations and species composition) to total resources that are captured by the herbaceous community is not well understood. We assessed the mineral nutrition (N, P, K and Ca) of three herbaceous species and the herbaceous community as well as the species composition in contrasting microhabitats (beneath trees, beneath a leguminous shrub and in open spaces). Both trees and shrubs increased the nutrient concentrations of the herbaceous species that were studied, except for Taraxacum officinale. Their effects were less consistent when the entire community was considered and depended upon the nutrient being analysed. Species richness and N, P and K concentrations were positively associated, suggesting that more nutrients are captured by the herbaceous community as diversity increases. Our results suggest a close relationship between species composition and nutritional value at the community level that may explain the discrepancies observed between both levels of analysis (species vs. community). Thus, farm-level strategies based on the whole herbaceous community may overlook processes operating at the species level, which can be relevant to achieve sustainable management.     

中药雪胆及其制剂研究进展

雪胆具有广泛的药用及经济价值,为综合开发利用雪胆资源,文章对雪胆的化学成分、药理作用、临床应用、制剂研制及质量控制等进行了综述,并对雪胆的研究及实际应用提出了某些建议。     

蛇莲离体培养研究

采用不同培养基对蛇莲不同的外植体进行离体培养,对其组培苗作细胞渗透性分析.结果表明:以MS为基本培养基优于、WV基本培养基;6-BA(0.5mg·L-1)利于顶端茎段外植体增殖,而抑制底端茎段外植体增殖,各类外植体以顶端茎段为最佳培养材料;添加6-BA的MS培养基上的组培苗表现出低的细胞膜渗透率,更能适应出苗后大田环境生长.     

浙江雪胆群落学特征研究

浙江乌岩岭国家级自然保护区浙江雪胆Hemsleya zhejiangensis所处群落共有种子植物67种，隶属31科49属。其中热带类型16属，温带类型29属。按Raunkiaer生活型统计，高位芽植物占90.2％，地上芽植物占2．8％，地下芽植物占5．6％，1年生植物占1.4％。叶级以中型叶为主，占60．6％。叶型以单叶比例最大，占73．2％；叶质以草质叶为优势，占69．0％；全缘叶种类占总种数的33.8％，非全缘叶种类占66.2％。群落结构可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层。表5参14     

不同植物生长调节物质和培养基对浙江雪胆组培苗繁殖系数的影响

研究了6-苄氨基腺嘌呤(6-BA)和α-萘乙酸(NAA)2种植物生长调节物质,以及MS(Murashige and Skoog),B5(Gamborg),N6和WPM(woody plant medium)等4种培养基对浙江雪胆Hemsleya zhejiangensis组培幼苗繁殖系数的影响。结果表明:不同6-BA和NAA质量浓度对浙江雪胆组培苗繁殖系数有较大影响,其最佳质量浓度分别为0.50 mg.L-1和0.20 mg.L-1,其繁殖系数分别为10.80和5.60,且6-BA的效果显著高于NAA;而不同质量浓度的NAA和6-BA配比的最佳配方为MS+6-BA 1.00 mg.L-1+NAA 0.02 mg.L-1和MS+6-BA 1.00 mg.L-1+NAA 0.05 mg.L-1,2种配比下浙江雪胆组培苗繁殖系数分别为19.30和18.10,与单一植物生长调节物质最佳质量浓度相比,其差异也均达到了显著水平。研究还发现:浙江雪胆的组培苗在初代培养中不经生根阶段就可形成微型块茎,且该微型块茎可直接发育成新个体。     

白刺叶片形态变化对叶片δ13C的影响

选取磴口、民勤唐古特白刺,敦煌东湖附近洪积扇中部、底部生长的泡泡刺为研究对象,通过叶片扫描与Image-Pro Plus6.0图像处理软件分析获得叶片形态参数(长、宽、周长和面积),应用同位素分析获得叶片δ13C值。结果表明:随着水分有效性的增加,白刺叶片面积具有增加趋势,叶片面积在增加过程中,叶片长、宽增幅具有非同步性;相同叶片宽度,生长于水分条件较好地区的唐古特白刺和泡泡刺叶片更长。虽然磴口、民勤及敦煌东湖附近洪积扇中部、底部水分环境存在较大的差异,但生长于这些区域的唐古特白刺及泡泡刺叶片δ13C值的差异不显著(P>0.05)。叶片周长/面积比是连接叶片形态变化与植物水分生理的重要因子;白刺叶面积增加过程中,叶片长度的优先增加有利于减缓周长/面积比的下降速率,从而使白刺保持较高的水分利用效率。