Effects of changing spatial scale on acoustic observations of patchiness in the Gulf Stream

We examine the influence of spatial scale on studies of nektonic patchiness at the north edge of the Gulf Stream by altering the grain size of acoustic cross sections and applying a patch-finding algorithm. From original pictures of 180 pixels deep by 540–1260 pixels long, we averaged depth and length, to give 9 scales ranging from fine grain (1 m vertical × 25 m horizontal sized pixels) to coarse grain (12 m × 300 m sized pixels). Measures of overall echo intensity within patches were the most predictable and showed little change with scale. Measures of variability of the echo within patches showed simple negative trends with scale and were best measured at fine spatial scales. Patch size and shape related variables have a more complex relationship with scale with differences between day and night transects more pronounced at intermediate scales. This suggests behavioral patch forming mechanisms within the nekton occur at a specific grain size (4 m vertical × 100 m horizontal) within the Gulf Stream front.     

贵州省红枫湖流域溪流级别、景观背景与水质的关系

选择红枫湖上游的夏云镇流域,研究不同溪流级别与溪流水质的关系。浑浊度、铵态氮含量与溪流级别存在较为明显的关系,总的来看,随溪流级别增加,溪流水浑浊度及铵态氮含量增加。在空间上表现为自上游至下游水质快速下降。未来应在加大水质监测密度的基础上,定量研究区分不同土地利用方式对水质的影响程度,为有效控制面源污染和治理红枫湖水环境提供基础依据。     

北部湾经济区干旱灾害风险评价

利用信息扩散风险分析模型计算了北部湾经济区的水资源干旱风险率,结合Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、年内分配不均匀系数、集中程度等方法对北部湾经济区6市水资源干旱灾害风险的时空变化特征进行了综合评价。结果显示,①1953—2010年崇左市和防城港市干旱风险率呈上升趋势;南宁市、玉林市、北海市和钦州市干旱风险率呈下降趋势。②1980年以来,北部湾经济区的的干旱风险以上升为主。③南宁市、崇左市的多年平均干旱风险率比北部湾经济区其他城市大。④除了崇左市,其他5市降雨量年内分配不均匀性和集中程度均有上升趋势,会增加北部湾经济区的干旱风险。     

金沙江下游支流大汶溪鱼类资源现状与保护对策

2011年7月至2013年3月对金沙江下游支流大汶溪进行了6次鱼类资源调查,共设3个采样点,每次调查时间为10~15 d。结果表明,大汶溪共采集到鱼类3目、8科、28属、41种,其中长江上游特有鱼类8种;大汶溪上游以齐口裂腹鱼[Schizothorax(Schizothorax)prenanti]、短体副鳅(Paracobitis potanini)和短须裂腹鱼[Schizothorax(Schizothorax)wangchiachii]为优势种,中游以齐口裂腹鱼、短体副鳅为优势种,下游以鲫(Carassius auratus)、宽鳍鱲(Zacco platypus)、蛇鮈(Saurogobio dabryi)为优势种,不同江段的渔获物组成存在差异;主要捕捞对象齐口裂腹鱼平均体重低于80 g、起捕规格小于10 g,存在过度捕捞现象。大汶溪鱼类多样性指数较高,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数(H)、Wilhm改进指数(H')、Simpson优势度指数(C)、Pielou均匀度指数(E)分别为1.683~2.785、1.116~2.789、0.6597~0.9016、0.2831~0.4762,但整体上低于金沙江绥江段,该江段此4项指数分别为3.230、2.893、0.9421和0.4681。向家坝水电站淹没成库以及过度捕捞对大汶溪鱼类资源形成威胁,需要加强鱼类生态保护措施。     

Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) distribution in relation to sea surface temperature fronts in the Gulf of Maine (1994–96)

Fishery‐linked aerial surveys for bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) were conducted in the Gulf of Maine (GOM) from July through October, 1994–96. Each year, from 507 to 890 surface schools were detected and their locations examined in relation to oceanographic conditions. Correlations between bluefin tuna presence and environmental variables were explored for sea surface temperature (SST), distance to a SST front, frontal density (relative density of all SST fronts seen in a given 1 km area for 2 weeks prior to each tuna sighting), and bottom depth and slope. Mean SST associated with bluefin schools was 18.1°C (±2.8). Schools were located at a mean distance of 19.7 km (±19.6) from SST fronts, and in water masses with an average frontal density of 28.2 m km^?2 (±35.7). Mean bottom depth of detected schools was 139.0 m (±70.3), and mean bottom slope was 0.7% rise (±0.7). A binomial generalized linear model fit to these variables indicated that bluefin are seen closer to fronts than locations in which no tuna were seen. Using simple and partial Mantel tests, we investigated the spatial correlation between bluefin tuna presence and the environmental variables, controlling for spatial autocorrelation. For each day that schools were sighted, we performed 24 Mantel tests, on a combination of response and predictor variables. The spatial relationship between bluefin tuna and SST fronts was inconsistent. Our analysis identified significant spatial structure in the bluefin school locations that had no significant correlation with any of the measured environmental features, suggesting that other untested features, such as prey density, may be important predictors of bluefin distribution in the GOM.     

广西北部湾经济区生态承载力研究

基于生态足迹的基本理论方法,利用RS、GIS空间技术和手段,从图斑尺度对1990、2000、2005～2010年广西北部湾经济区生态承载力供给进行定量计算和空间格局分析.结果表明:广西北部湾经济区人均生态承载力从1990年的0.726 7 gha/cap,到2010年人均生态承载力减少到0.556 0 gha/cap,20年间人均生态承载力减少0.170 7 gha/cap.广西北部湾经济区生态承载力供给空间分布极不均匀,表现出明显的地带性与局地性,整体以大明山和十万大山为分隔带,两大山脉两侧生态承载力较高.     

Spat availability of commercial bivalve species recruited on artificial collectors from the northern Gulf of California. Seasonal changes in species composition

This study reports a year‐round recruitment of spat of four commercial bivalve species; Pteria sterna, Euvola vogdesi, Pinctada mazatlanica and Pinna rugosa collected in the region of Puerto Peñasco, north‐eastern coast of the Gulf of California. Bimonthly recruitment of commercial bivalve spat on netlon^® collectors was evaluated for six sites from June 2007 to August 2008. To describe spat recruitment abundances with environmental parameters, sea surface temperature (°C) and surface chlorophyll a concentration (mg m^?3) were characterized by means of monthly Aqua/MODIS satellite data. For each species a repeated measures anova was used to evaluate differences in the number of spat between months, sites and depths. Maximum sea surface temperature was recorded in August–September (~31.5°C) and the minimum in January–February (~15°C), while the minimum surface chlorophyll a was observed in June–September (mean range = 1.5–2 mg m^?3) and the maximum in January–March (mean range = 2–5 mg m^?3). Spat recruitment showed distinct patterns; P. sterna can be characterized as having a Winter–Spring pattern, E. vogdesi a winter pattern, while P. mazatlanica and P. rugosa a summer spat recruitment pattern. This information constitutes part of the fundamental data needed for the development of aquaculture and conservation initiatives in the region based on wild spat supply.     

广西北部湾生态安全屏障保护与建设

分析了北部湾生态屏障现存问题,提出对北部湾自然生态系统进行保护建设,对生境退化区、水源涵养区、水土保持区和防风固沙区等进行人工生态系统建设,对北部湾生态系统健康进行保障建设,以期构建一个人工和自然生态系统相结合的多层次的北部湾生态系统,并确保其长期健康、稳定和持续地发挥生态屏障作用,保障北部湾及其周边地区的生态安全。     

广西北部湾经济区农产品冷链物流模式研究

通过分析农产品物流的基本模式,结合广西北部湾经济区实际,选取基于批发市场、连锁超市、物流中心等3种农产品冷链物流协同模式作为广西北部湾经济区农产品冷链物流模式,以期为区域农产品冷链物流的发展提供参考。     

Springtime abundance of chaetognaths in the shelf region of the northern Gulf of Alaska, with observations on the vertical distribution and feeding of Sagitta elegans

Chaetognatha were among the most dominant macrozooplankton taxa collected in 6 years of springtime collections, both throughout the water column and near-bottom on the continental shelf in the northern Gulf of Alaska. Three species ( Sagitta elegans, S. scrippsae, and Eukrohnia hamata ) were collected in 248 collections, although S. elegans was the numerically dominant species overall during most cruises. Collections taken in epibenthic sleds generally contained about two orders of magnitude more chaetognaths than those that sampled throughout the water column. Two size modes were apparent in the S. elegans size-frequency distributions which were believed to belong to different cohorts. Growth rate was on the order of 2–3 mm per month. The two cohorts showed asynchronous diel vertical distribution patterns, with the smaller individuals found near the surface during the day whereas the larger individuals were near the surface at night. About 7.5% of the S. elegans examined contained food. Copepods made up the majority (∼89% by number) of the diet of both large and small individuals. Euphausiid juveniles and cirripede larvae were also observed, as well as several incidences of cannibalism by large chaetognaths on smaller individuals. Based on the results of two diel series, this species was observed to feed mainly during the night-time.