Sensitivity of populations ofBotrytis cinerea to triazoles,benomyl and vinclozolin

Sensitivity of field isolates (121) ofBotrytis cinerea from France (1992), Germany (1979–1992), Israel (1990) and the Netherlands (1970–1989) to the triazoles tebuconazole and triadimenol, the benzimidazole benomyl and the dicarboximide vinclozolin were tested in radial growth experiments. Resistance to benomyl (in 21 to 100% of isolates tested) and vinclozolin (in 25 to 71% of isolates tested) was common in most countries. EC₅₀s (concentrations of fungicides inhibiting radial mycelial growth ofB. cinerea on B5-agar by 50%) for tebuconazole and triadimenol ranged between 0.01–1.64 and 0.4–32.6g ml^–1, respectively, and were log-normally distributed. The variation factor (ratio between EC₅₀s of the least and most sensitive isolate tested) amounts 164 and 82 for tebuconazole and triadimenol, respectively. These values are comparable to those for azole fungicides applied in control of other pathogens. Hence, variation in sensitivity to triazoles can probably not explain limited field performance of triazoles towardsB. cinerea. Isolates from south west Germany (1992) were significantly less sensitive to tebuconazole than isolates collected earlier in Germany, Israel and the Netherlands. Such less sensitive populations may contribute to the limited field performance of DMI fungicides towardsB. cinerea. The sensitivity of isolates from south west Germany to tebuconazole was similar to that of DMI-resistant mutants generated in the laboratory. These mutants displayed stable resistance with Q-values (ratio between EC₅₀ of resistant mutant and wild type isolate) between 5 and 20. Sensitivity of field isolates and laboratory mutants to tebuconazole and triadimenol was correlated.     

25％啶菌噁唑乳油防治番茄灰霉病药效试验

田间试验表明25%啶菌唑乳油对番茄灰霉病有良好的防治效果,53.3～106.7mL/667m23次药后防效79%以上。     

Suppression of wheat-seedling diseases caused by Fusarium culmorum and Microdochium nivale using bacterial seed treatment

Snow mould, caused by Microdochium nivale , and seedling blight caused by members of the Fusarium complex, are cereal diseases of great economic importance in many temperate zones. In a glasshouse bioassay designed to enhance disease, about 600 plant-associated bacterial isolates obtained by different methods were screened for suppressive effects in wheat against infection caused by Fusarium culmorum . Although most of the isolates tested had a neutral effect on test plants and disease development, a few were synergistic to the pathogen and about one-fifth showed > 80% disease suppression. During five consecutive growing seasons, 164 bacterial isolates were tested in field experiments against both F. culmorum and M. nivale as causal agents of seedling blight. Tests for effects on yield in experiments with spring and winter wheat, performed in different climatic regions of Sweden, showed that disease-suppressive effects were repeatable. The most efficient isolates, three fluorescent pseudomonads and a species of Pantoea , suppressed disease equal to that of the fungicide guazatine, both with respect to crop stand and yield. Seed treatment with Pantoea sp. (isolate MF 626) increased yield by an average of more than 500 kg ha⁻¹ in six field experiments.     

节能日光温室中番茄灰霉病发生规律的研究

通过 3年对节能日光温室环境温湿度监测、病菌孢子捕捉和番茄灰霉病发生规律研究明确 ,一般年份 ,灰霉病在番茄叶片上表现为明显的始发期、盛发期和末发期等 3个阶段 ;果实发病后 ,即进入盛发期。温室中病菌的发生与病害呈正相关 ,病菌的高峰期较病害的高峰期提前10～15d。持续的低温、高湿、苗期带病等是引起番茄灰霉病发生的重要因子。提出要从优化设施环境等方面来控制番茄灰霉病的危害。     

Trichoderma Biocontrol of Colletotrichum acutatum and Botrytis cinerea and Survival in Strawberry

Trichoderma isolates are known for their ability to control plant pathogens. It has been shown that various isolates of Trichoderma, including T. harzianum isolate T-39 from the commercial biological control product TRICHODEX, were effective in controlling anthracnose (Colletotrichum acutatum) and grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) in strawberry, under controlled and greenhouse conditions. Three selected Trichoderma strains, namely T-39, T-161 and T-166, were evaluated in large-scale experiments using different timing application and dosage rates for reduction of strawberry anthracnose and grey mould. All possible combinations of single, double or triple mixtures of Trichoderma strains, applied at 0.4% and 0.8% concentrations, and at 7 or 10 day intervals, resulted in reduction of anthracnose severity; the higher concentration (0.8%) was superior in control whether used with single isolates or as a result of combined application of two isolates, each at 0.4%. Only a few treatments resulted in significant control of grey mould. Isolates T-39 applied at 0.4% at 2 day intervals, T-166 at 0.4%, or T-161 combined with T-39 at 0.4% were as effective as the chemical fungicide fenhexamide. The survival dynamics of populations of the Trichoderma isolates (T-39, T-105, T-161 and T-166) applied separately was determined by dilution plating and isolates in the mixtures calculated according to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using repeat motif primers. The biocontrol isolates were identified to the respective species T. harzianum (T-39), T. hamatum (T-105), T. atroviride (T-161) and T. longibrachiatum (T-166), according to internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis.     

hrpZ_(Psta)在转基因大豆中定量表达与疫霉根腐病和灰斑病抗性相关研究

以T5转hrpZPsta基因大豆JN29-705-15和JL30-187为材料,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术(Quantitative Real Time PCR,qRT-PCR)检测了目标基因在转基因大豆不同组织中的表达量,分别利用下胚轴侵染法和叶面喷施法鉴定疫霉根腐病抗性和灰斑病抗性,并分析目的基因表达量与疫霉根腐病和灰斑病抗性的相关性。结果表明:hrpZPsta基因在大豆的叶、茎、根、籽粒中均有表达,二个株系平均相对表达量分别为8.2/6.1、0.9/0.7、6.5/4.6和0.8/0.7;T5转hrpZPsta基因大豆抗疫霉根腐病和灰斑病能力与野生型相比均有所提高,JN29-705-15对疫霉根腐病抗性从感病提高到中抗,而JL30-187从中抗提高到抗病;hrpZPsta基因在叶中的表达量也与抗灰斑病能力呈正相关,与病情级别呈极显著负相关。试验结果初步证明了外源基因hrp ZPsta在大豆植株中的表达量与受体植株对疫霉根腐病和灰斑病抗性存在一定的相关性。     

冷冲高硬度材料模具失效的原因与对策研究

在日常的应用中,我们发现,制作材料是高合金钢的模具要比硬质合金制作的模具耐用,我们进而研究了其失效的方式以及失效的比例,研究结果显示,硬质合金的失效主要体现在掉渣和崩刃,而高合金钢的失效主要体现在正常的磨损方面。在制作的过程中,高合金钢会由于在加热的不适当而使得碳化物不均匀,或者使得硬度不稳定等原因而没有充分发挥材料的潜在能力,文章对如何提高高合金钢的寿命提出了具体方案。     

浅谈地下车站侧墙大块定型移动模架施工技术

随着城市地铁的飞速发展,地铁车站在条件满足的情况下大都采用明挖法施工。在施工主体侧墙时采用满堂红支架法施工,但因施工时工期较长且易存在一些质量通病,因此,近年来大块定型移动模架被得到了广泛的应用。     

42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂对番茄叶霉病的防效

[目的]探讨42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂对番茄叶霉病的田间防治效果。[方法]以10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂和70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂为对照药剂,采用小区试验研究42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂对番茄叶霉病的防治效果。[结果]42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂在剂量为150.0~225.0 g a.i./hm2时,对番茄叶霉病的防治效果为83.37%~91.63%,与10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂120.0g a.i./hm~2对番茄叶霉病的防治效果无显著差异,但显著高于70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂562.5 g a.i./hm~2的防治效果。[结论]42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂可广泛用于番茄叶霉病的防治。     

Yield performance and pest resistance among peanut genotypes when grown without fungicides or insecticides

Yield trials without fungicides or insecticides were conducted four consecutive years (2007–10) at the University of Georgia, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton Campus to evaluate for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) pest resistance. The most endemic diseases in the southeast U.S. are tomato spotted wilt (TSW) caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus, white mold (WM) caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc, and both early and late leaf spot caused by Cercospora arachidicola Hori and Cercosporidium personatum (Berk & Curt.) Deighton, respectively. The most endemic insects are tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca Hinds) and potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae Harris). Results from these replicated field tests showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) among advanced Georgia breeding lines and cultivars. Three Georgia cultivars ‘Georgia-01R’, ‘Georgia-05E’, and ‘Georgia-10T’ consistently produced among the best yields with high levels of resistance to TSW, white mold, leafhoppers, and leaf spot each year. Georgia-01R is a multiple-pest-resistant, runner-type cultivar with late maturity; whereas, Georgia-05E is a multiple-pest-resistant, virginia-type cultivar with medium-late maturity. Georgia-10T is a new runner-type cultivar with high level of TSWV and white mold resistance and late-maturity, similar to Georgia-01R, one of its parents. However, Georgia-10T does not appear to have the high level of leaf spot and leafhopper resistance as Georgia-01R, but it still had high yields in the absence of fungicides or insecticides.