Physiological interpretation of a hyperspectral time series in a citrus orchard

Hyperspectral remote sensing for monitoring horticultural production systems requires the understanding of how plant physiology, canopy structure, management and solar elevation affect the retrieved canopy reflectance during different stages of the phenological cycle. Hence, the objective of this study was to set up and to interpret a hyperspectral time series for a mature and healthy citrus orchard in the Western Cape province of South Africa considering these effects. Based on the remotely sensed data, biophysical parameters at the canopy level were derived and related to known observed physiological and phenological changes at the leaf level and to orchard management. Fractions of mature fruit, flowers, and sunburnt leaves were considered, and indices related to canopy structure chlorophyll content and canopy water status were calculated.Results revealed small cover fractions of mature fruit, flowers and sunburnt leaves of respectively 2.1%, 3.1% and 7.0%, but the high spectral contrast between flowers and leaves allowed a successful classification of flowering intensity. Furthermore, it was shown that canopy level time series of vegetation indices were sensitive to changes in solar elevation and soil reflectance which could be reduced by applying an empirical soil line correction for the most affected indices. Most trends in vegetation indices at the canopy level could be explained by a combination of changes at the leaf level (chlorophyll, carotenoids, dry matter), changes in canopy structure (leaf area index and leaf angle distribution) and changes in cover fractions of vegetative flushes, flowers and sunburnt leaves. The transformed chlorophyll absorption ratio index over the optimised soil adjusted vegetation index (MCARI/OSAVI) was best related to leaf level trends in chlorophyll content. Seasonal changes in the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) were linked to inverse changes in the carotenoid-to-chlorophyll ratio. Canopy structure indices (the modified triangular vegetation index or MTVI2 and the standardized leaf area index determining index or sLAIDI) were sensitive to changes in leaf area index, average leaf angle as well to management interactions (pruning and harvest). Canopy water status was highly impacted during the spring flush due to expanding leaves that concealed trends in the underlying mature leaves. Seasonal trends in soil and weeds reflectance were related to changes in volumetric soil water content and to the earlier and reduced growth period of non-irrigated weeds.     

Comparison of flower color with anthocyanin composition patterns in evergreen azalea

In evergreen azaleas, major anthocyanins were detected from petals of wild species and cultivars by HPLC analysis. Depending on flower color, all samples were divided into three groups: red, purple or white, using the Japan color standard for horticultural plants. The chromatic components a* and b* values of red group samples showed a convergent distribution, whereas those of purple group samples showed a wider distribution. According to the HPLC analysis, red group samples had two to four major anthocyanins, and those of the purple group had two to six major ones. In contrast, no anthocyanins were detected in the white group petals, although anthocyanidins were detected. These results suggest that the anthocyanin constitution of the purple group flowers is more varied than that of the red group flowers, and this wider variety among purple flowers contributes to extending the diversity of flower color in evergreen azalea.     

电导法对11种常绿阔叶树种抗寒性的测定

以6年生11种常绿阔叶树种为试材,通过低温处理,用电导法测定叶片相对电导率。用Logistic曲线拟合求出拐点温度(即半致死温度)(tL50),作为各试材抗寒力评价的参考指标,并将11种常绿阔叶树种的半致死温度(tL50)进行比较。结果表明:11种试材抗寒性顺序依次为:北海道黄杨>大叶黄杨>刺桂>石楠>光叶石楠>爬行卫矛>扶芳藤>日本女贞>红叶石楠>桂花>女贞。     

青冈常绿阔叶林群落动态研究

研究了分布于浙江建德林场和黄山西北坡４ 个不同发育阶段青冈常绿阔叶林（７ 龄林、２０ 龄林、４０龄林和近熟林） 的动态特征。青冈林在不同发育阶段的种类组成体现出以青冈和其它常绿种类占优势,并伴有一定比例落叶成分的特征。群落的叶面积７ 龄时比２０ 龄高,２０ 龄后逐渐增大,近熟林中达１２－８ 。个体密度和物种数在林木层、藤本植物和草本层中以７ 龄时为最高,７ 龄林中缺乏的下木层则在后３ 个阶段中呈上升态势。４ 个阶段林木层、下木层和草本层的Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ － Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ 指数分别为３－３２ ～４－８８ 、３－５９ ～４－１４ 、１－１４ ～２－３６ ,其动态与结构和物种数相似。优势种青冈能在采伐迹地上萌生,使群落以压缩演替的方式快速步入常绿阔叶林阶段。由于年龄较小、种子库遭破坏、种子萌发和幼苗生长需一定的光照条件等原因,没及时产生充足的幼苗和幼树,青冈种群在４０ 龄左右尚缺低龄级个体,其基株的大小级结构往往为纺锤形,使之以产生克隆分株和萌生枝作为对空间占有的补充。此后,根据生境状况,它可能通过有性和无性两种方式进行繁殖,以巩固其优势地位。林木层生物量和生长量随着群落的发育而增加,其中青冈的比例趋于增大     

哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林枯立木数量及分配规律

以三棵树、锅底塘、山门口和簸箕坝4块样地调查资料为基础,研究了云南哀牢山国家级自然保护区内中山湿性常绿阔叶林枯立木的数量组成、分配格局和生物量特征.结果表明:哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林内枯立木的密度为(68.5±18.0)株/hm2,枯立木占全部乔木的(5.7±0.6)%.枯立木胸径(DBH)分配以小径级为主(5≤DBH＜20 cm),此径级的枯立木显著高于另外2个级别(20≤DBH＜40 cm和DBH≥40 cm,P<0.05).哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林枯立木的物种组成极其丰富,分属于14科32种,树种组成以壳斗科的腾冲栲(Castanopsis wattii)、硬壳柯(Lithocarpus hancei)和木果柯(Lithocarpus xylocarpus),越桔科的云南越桔(Vaccinium duclouxii),杜鹃花科的珍珠花(Lyonia ovalifolia)和薄叶杜鹃(Rhododendron leptothrium)为主.哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林枯立木贮量较高为(3.9±0.7)t*hm-2,生物量的树种分配以腾冲栲(Castanopsis wattii)和木果柯(Lithocarpus xylocarpus)为主.     

浙江天童常绿阔叶林中马尾松菌根研究

通过对浙江天童常绿阔叶林中马尾松的菌根研究,比较分析了马尾松在不同样地及不同季节菌根感染率的状况,结果表明,菌根感染率与季节及样地类型有密切的联系,12月份左右,在裸地中菌根感染率较低,只有2.67%;而7月份左右,在马尾松林中,菌根感染率达到了76%.其次,通过一年多对各样地子实体的采集研究和实验室分析,确定在这个阔叶林中与马尾松共生的菌根真菌共4科6属8种,其中硬皮马勃科（Scleroderrnataceae）豆马勃属（Pisolithus）的彩色豆马勃（P.tinctorius（Pers.））和大包硬皮马勃（S.bovista Fr.）以及红菇科（Russulacese）乳菇属（Lactarius Dcex Gray）的松乳菇（L.deliciosus（L.ex.Fr）Gery）分布较广泛,在多数样地中均可找到相应的子实体.最后,本文通过菌根在生态系统中的作用,初步探讨了菌根与常绿阔叶林整体退化机制之间的关系.     

临安昌化常绿阔叶林群落生物多样性初步研究

通过样地法对临安昌化的常绿阔叶林群落进行调查,主要调查乔木层和灌木层的结构,计算分析各群落的乔木层、灌木层的重要值,乔木层的物种多样性指数。对草本层取小样方进行调查测量,了解草本层的植物构成并计算了草本层的盖度。分析临安昌化常绿阔叶林的群落结构后认为,该常绿阔叶林属顶级群落,具重点保护价值。     

常绿阔叶林迹地炼山营造杉木林群落演替趋向调查初报

据样地调查，该２５年生杉木人工林群落的植物有４１科８４属１２０种，群落的外貌特征以包括藤本在内的高位芽占绝对优势，叶特征以革质，单叶，中小型叶为主，由于该群落的幼树层以米储和木荷等占优势，若让其自然发展或杉木林采伐后不炼山，并排除其它人为干扰，该群落将向与常绿阔叶林采伐前的群落类型相似的方向演替。     

常绿阔叶林的可持续经营

通过对常绿阔叶林研究，努力探索一条发展常绿阔叶林的途径。将阔叶林划分为3个经营类型，分别为：初期幼龄林组成抚育类型、中期幼龄林抚育间伐类型、中龄林密度管理类型。并提出小面积皆伐的采伐方式。同时对常绿阔叶林的生态功能和生产力进行初步研究。     

阔瓣含笑的引种选育研究

[目的]对阔瓣含笑在黄淮地区的引种选育进行研究。[方法]在河南省上蔡县引种优良常绿阔叶树阔瓣含笑,通过3年的野外露天越冬驯化后选择出性状优良的单株,将抗寒树种改接于辛夷之上进行优树无性繁殖,调查其嫁接成活率、越冬保存率、植物学性状、物候期、苗高生长状况。[结果]新品种耐寒性较好,越冬保存率达98%,抗旱、抗病虫害能力也比较强,观赏价值高,花期长达4个月;采用带顶芽的接穗改接到辛夷上适应了碱性土壤;苗高生长从每年的4月底开始,到10月底基本停止生长,6月底~8月底是其高生长关键时期。[结论]阔瓣含笑的引种选育对解决黄淮地区常绿耐寒阔叶树种稀少的问题具有重要的现实意义。