Evaluation of two N cycle models for the prediction of N mineralization from grassland soils in the UK

Abstract. The ability of two nitrogen cycle models, of contrasting complexity, to predict N mineralization from a range of grassland soils in the UK, was evaluated. These were NCYCLE, a simple mass balance model of the N cycle in UK grasslands, and CENTURY, a more complex model simulating long-term C, N, P & S dynamics in grassland ecosystems. The models were tested using field measurements of net N mineralization from a range of grassland soils (differing in soil type, history & management practice), obtained over a 2 year period using a soil core incubation technique. This method was considered to measure the total net release of mineral N from the soil organic matter over a specified time, including N which may have been recycled several times. NCYCLE consistently under-estimated mineralization rates at all sites. By contrast, there was some correlation between CENTURY predictions of net N mineralization and field measurements. This may have reflected the different abilities of the two models to simulate N recycling. Neither model, however, was able to predict adequately the effect of cultivation and reseeding on net N mineralization.     

干巴菌（Thelephoraganbajun Zang）的研究Ⅰ．干巴菌与其生境因子的关系

本文研究了干巴菌的分布及其在分布区内的植被类型，查清了干巴菌主要分布于针叶树林中，尤以云南松林内分布最多，但也分布于纯的栗树林中。通过对于巴菌生境中土壤微生物的分析，结果与宏观调查一致：其生长土壤较为贫瘠，是一种菌根菌。     

设施园艺电驱移动平台轮毂电机设计及其磁-热耦合性能

针对设施园艺作业场景下电驱移动平台的低速大扭矩牵引作业需求,该研究设计了一种减速内转子轴向磁通轮毂电机,建立电机的电磁有限元模型并分析其电磁和损耗特性。考虑到绕组电阻率受温度变化影响,构建基于热网络法的轮毂电机磁-热耦合改进模型。与台架试验结果相比,基于改进模型获得的转矩预测值较传统模型的精度提高了5.33%,验证了模型的正确性。利用改进模型分析了温度和相电流对电机转矩特性的影响,仿真结果表明,输出转矩随电机温度增加而降低;在0～20 A,电机平均输出转矩与相电流呈线性关系。试验结果表明,轮毂电机功率随转速增加而增大,峰值功率可达4.59 kW,而转矩基本保持恒定;在转速450～900 r/min、转矩300～600 N·m时,电机效率高达93.2%。研究结果可为轴向磁通电机初步设计与多场耦合影响下电机性能分析提供思路。     

山西芦芽山自然保护区四声杜鹃的生态习性观察

2009～2011年5～8月,在山西芦芽山国家级自然保护区对四声杜鹃的生态习性进行了观察。结果表明,四声杜鹃在本区为夏候鸟,最早5月上旬迁来,最晚8月下旬迁走,居留期为99～111 d。迁来后,该鸟在本区主要在低山疏林地带和村庄附近活动,活动较为敏锐和隐蔽,常能听到叫声,但很少暴露在人前。四声杜鹃在本区的种群密度6、7月最大,每公里遇见数分别为1.17只和1.25只;在8月种群密度最小,每公里遇见数0.47只,种群密度平均为0.89只/km。该鸟为卵寄生性繁殖,自己不营巢,本区发现雌鸟把卵产在山噪鹛的繁殖窝里,让山噪鹛代其孵化和育雏,本窝寄生卵2枚,卵重3.3 g和3.5 g,卵大小为22×17 mm～23×18 mm。卵经山噪鹛义鸟孵化18 d后出壳,雏鸟仍由山噪鹛喂育14 d后离巢。四声杜鹃主要以昆虫为食,昆虫食物量占总食物量的95.5%,其中松毛虫所占比例最大,占昆虫食物重量的24.1%。该鸟为重要的农林益鸟,应予以保护。     

昌吉市土地利用对生态环境的影响分析

在分析昌吉市土地利用现状特点和动态变化的基础上,讨论土地利用对生态环境的影响,指出昌吉市相对脆弱的生态环境和突出的人地矛盾,并提出改善其对环境影响的对策建议。     

笼型异步磁力耦合器机械特性与试验

为有效解决目前机械传动系统中选用电机时功率裕度过大而普遍存在的能源利用效率较低问题,提出一种基于三相异步电机鼠笼转子的异步磁力耦合器(squirrel cage asynchronous magnetic coupler,SCAMC)。结合SCAMC具体结构特点,采用标量磁位法及二维场边界条件,建立气隙磁场数理模型;在气隙磁通密度中引入时间变量,推导出感生电流随时间变化的表达式;基于电流叠加性,将笼条电流折算到转子表面,并沿圆周方向对感生电流所形成的洛伦兹力进行积分,建立了SCAMC的电磁转矩模型。基于上述理论及技术基础,设计并制造出一台37 k W SCAMC样机,并对其机械特性进行理论计算、仿真验证及试验测试。结果表明:转差率相同时,所得的仿真及试验数据与理论计算值相比,误差不超过5%;SCAMC与同容量的三相异步电机相比,线性工作区更宽,过载能力更强,但其机械特性偏软,可有效缓解负载对电机的冲击。该研究可为磁力耦合器在大惯量、难启动及经常性过载机械设备中的应用提供参考。     

Real‐time PCR detection of Erwinia amylovora on blossoms correlates with subsequent fire blight incidence

Fire blight is the most devastating bacterial disease of rosaceous plants. Forecasting fire blight infections is important to allow for countermeasures that reduce economic damage in pome fruit production. Current computerized forecasting models are solely based on physical factors such as temperature and moisture, but not on the actual presence of the pathogen Erwinia amylovora. Although the inoculum concentration is considered to be crucial for infection and disease outbreak, most current approaches used for identification of fire blight inoculum including morphological, biochemical, serological, and DNA‐based methods are nonquantitative. Based on a real‐time PCR approach previously published, an improved protocol to be used directly on whole bacteria in the field is described. The method allows for early detection and quantification of the pathogen prior to the occurrence of first symptoms. There is a clear correlation between bacterial abundance and subsequent disease development. However, in some cases, no disease symptoms could be observed despite a pathogen load of up to 3·4 × 10⁶ cells per blossom. Integration of the amount of pathogen detected into refined prediction algorithms may allow for the improvement of applied forecasting models, finally permitting a better abatement of fire blight.     

西北贫困地区生态移民的经济效益实证分析——以宁夏南部山区生态移民为例

以宁夏中南部地区的搬迁农民为研究对象,构建生态移民经济效益评价指标体系并以研究区域为例进行实证分析,结果表明生态移民项目整体经济效益是显著的。在此基础上提出对策建议:调整农业产业结构,实现农业的产业化经营,重视人力资本投资以及建立移民社会保障制度。     

云和县生态公益林的发展现状与管理对策

对云和县生态公益林的资源和发展现状进行了调查分析,提出了今后云和县生态公益林的发展对策,以实现生态公益林的持续、稳定和健康发展。     

Potential distribution of two Ambrosia species in China under projected climate change

The invasion of Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Ambrosia trifida from their native range to occupy large areas in China has raised considerable concern. Using the maximum entropy (Maxent) method, we developed models for each Ambrosia species, based on occurrence records from both native ranges (North America) and their invaded ranges (e.g. northern and south‐western Europe) to predict the availability and distribution of suitable habitats for these two species in China. For each species, we also assessed potential shifts in habitat suitability for the year 2050, using three general circulation models (GCMs) and two emission scenarios. Elevation and average mean precipitation in October contributed most to model development for both species. Potential distribution projections under future climatic change scenarios suggested an averaged percentage of suitable area (2.21%) and habitat gain (1.49%) in A. artemisiifolia distribution, with further expansion to environmentally favourable locations in south‐east coastal regions, northern Taiwan and the Beijing–Tianjin–Tangshan area in northern China. Future predicted percentage of suitable area for A. trifida was 0.03% with a very limited suitable habitat gain of <1% although this species had the potential to continue to spread in northern China. Our findings suggest that management priorities should be focused on A. artemisiifolia, whilst effective control strategies for A. trifida may be optimised by concentrating efforts on those relatively fewer regions of China where the species is currently abundant.