拉枝角度对‘SH1’矮化中间砧‘富士’苹果幼树生长和结果的影响

旨在为‘SH1’矮砧‘富士’提供幼树树形管理的科学依据。本研究以4年生‘SH1’矮砧‘富士’为试材,通过70°、90°、120°3种拉枝角度的处理,探讨不同拉枝角度对苹果幼树生长和结果的影响。结果表明:拉枝角度120°时叶片光合速率最大,且与其他2个处理差异显著(P0.05);拉枝角度90°时叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量最高、叶片厚度、百叶重最大,与其他2个处理差异显著(P0.05);拉枝角度90°时的冠下光合间接辐射最大,拉枝角度120°时株间光合间接辐射、光合直接辐射和叶面积指数均最大;拉枝角度90°时长枝的长度、粗度最大,中枝粗度最大,拉枝角度120°时中枝长度最长;拉枝角度90°时果实单果重、果形指数、可溶性固形物含量、硬度均最大。综合考虑树体生长势和果实品质等因素,90°为‘SH1’矮砧‘富士’枝条适宜的拉枝角度。     

昭通不同种植模式对苹果‘烟富8号’树体生长及 果实品质的影响

摘 要：【目的】明确烟富8号在昭通地区适宜的种植模式,为昭通地区烟富8号在种植模式、科学管理上提供理论依据。【方法】本试验以M9-T337矮化自根砧嫁接烟富8号、八棱海棠上嫁接M9-T337并嫁接烟富8号、八棱海棠上嫁接烟富8号为材料。调查对比不同种植模式对苹果树生长的影响。【结果】不同种植模式对烟富8号树体长势、早果丰产性影响差异显著,变异系数为9.13%~94.12%。矮化自根砧显著提高烟富8号的中短枝比例,显著降低2年生树体冠幅,显著提高2年生、3年生的单株产量及亩产量;矮化中间砧显著降低烟富8号树体主枝数、总枝量及短枝比例;乔砧提高了烟富8号长枝比例,显著降低2年生、3年生的单株产量及亩产量。不同种植模式对烟富8号果实品质影响差异不显著。【结论】矮化自根砧在控制果树长势、促进早果丰产方面综合评价最佳。     

用矮化中间砧苹果树建园的几点建议

利用矮化中间砧进行苹果树栽培是目前生产的方向,莲择抗逆性强的矮化砧木进行适地适栽,选用优质大苗建园,根据栽植密度、砧木类型和立地条件选择相应树形,以达到早产优质高效的栽培目标。该文针对建园中存在的主要问题,提出建议,供苹果园建园参考。     

45份青海春小麦品种矮秆基因检测及效应分析

为明确矮秆基因Rht-B1和Rht-D1在青海春麦区小麦品种中的分布，以青海春麦区历年种植的45份春小麦品种（25份育成品种，14份引进品种，6份地方品种）为材料，利用KASP标记技术检测其两个矮秆基因的分布，并分析这两个矮秆基因对株高、穗长、小穗数和穗粒数的影响。结果表明，Rht-B1位点上存在Rht-B1a和Rht-B1b两种等位变异，分布频率分别为91.11%和8.89%；Rht-D1位点上存在Rht-D1a和Rht-D1b两种等位变异，分布频率分别为86.67%和13.33%。25份育成品种中，Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b的分布频率分别为16.00%和12.00%，未发现Rht-B1a和Rht-D1a；引进品种中仅含有Rht-D1b，分布频率为21.43%；地方品种中未发现Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b。Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b均具有一定的降秆效应，Rht-D1b的降秆效应大于Rht-B1b。携带Rht-B1a/Rht-D1b品种的株高显著低于携带Rht-B1a/Rht-D1a和Rht-B1b/Rht-D1a的品种，该组合类型不仅可使株高降低，也可增加小穗数和穗粒数；未发现携带Rht-B1b/Rht-D1b组合类型的品种。     

桃豫农矮化砧木1号的矮化机制

以豫农矮化砧木1号(Prunus persica L.cv.dwarfing rootstock Yunong1)、毛桃(P.persica L.)、寿星桃(P.persi-ca L.var.densa Mak.)、毛樱桃(Cerasus tomentosa Thunb.)和豫甜桃为试材,研究了豫农矮化砧木1号的矮化机制。结果表明,豫农矮化砧木1号的木质部导管长度、长宽比、叶片和韧皮部POD酶活性均居毛桃与寿星桃之间;叶片内源激素中生长素(IAA)的含量、细胞分裂素类与生长素的比值(ZR/IAA)均与豫农矮化砧木1号的矮化性状呈显著相关性;蛋白质双向电泳图谱显示豫农矮化砧木1号第9、13处有特异蛋白,而毛桃和寿星桃均没有;第10处蛋白质丰度有差异,依次是寿星桃>矮化砧木>毛桃;解剖结构显示豫农矮化砧木1号为砧木的嫁接部位愈合良好,且愈合部位出现4处漩涡纹。POD酶活性、内源激素的含量、导管和嫁接部位解剖结构的差异均是影响豫农矮化砧木1号矮化的因子。     

不同叶面肥对大花高代生长的矮化效应

为了筛选对大花高代具有矮化效应的叶面肥,采用多效唑、比久、通丰、试验1号和试验2号5种叶面肥对不同播期的两组大花高代苗进行喷施,研究不同叶面肥处理对大花高代苗生长状况的影响。结果表明,多效唑、比久均能促使大花高代节间缩短、植株矮化,但以叶面喷施多效唑的效果最为明显,而通丰、试验1号和试验2号对大花高代没有矮化效应。该研究结果可直接用于大花高代的矮化栽培。     

Studies of Multi-Allelic Polymorphism of Dominant Dwarfing Genes in Wheat

Dwarfing breeding of wheat in the world is confined to the exploitation of recessive dwarfing sources. None of the dominant dwarfing sources discovered in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ) has found wide exploitation in wheat breeding due to the extreme dwarfness of their plants (20 -55 cm). We found in our work that some stable mutant lines with their plant height enhanced to different extents could be obtained in large populations derived from the stock seeds of the dominant dwarfing sources Aibian1 carrying Rht10 on 4DS and being 20 - 55 cm tall and Aisu2 carrying Rht3 on 4BS and being 55 cm tall, or from their descendants of induced mutation treatments, or from the segregating descendants of their crosses with mid- or tall-statured genotypes. Subsequently, we studied these mutation-derived lines differing in plant height with near isogenic lines and observed that the character of their enhanced plant height bred true, each carrying a semidominant dwarfing gene for a definite height and that as the plant height of the mutation-derived lines increased, the yield-contributing characters of their near isogenic lines were significantly improved. When test crosses with marker genes and physiological and biochemical genetic marker tests were performed to re-localize the semi-dominant dwarfing genes carried by the mutation-derived lines, it was confirmed that they shared common loci with Rht10 and Rht3 and that they were all mutation-derived multiple alleles. It is thus speculated that dominant dwarfing genes are of "multi-allelic polymorphism". In other words, dominant dwarfing genes, which are ultra-dwarfing, are liable to develop by mutation into a group of multiple alleles with plant height enhanced to different extents and some may have a height close to the ideal plant height for wheat breeding. Therefore, these results offer a fundamentally new approach for the exploitation of dominant dwarfing sources in wheat breeding.     

A 192bp allele at the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xgwm261</Emphasis> locus is not always associated with the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rht8</Emphasis> dwarfing gene in wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.)

The height-reducing gene Rht8 was introduced into Italian wheats by breeder Nazareno Strampelli from the Japanese landrace Akakomugi, and has been widely used in wheats adapted to southern and eastern European conditions. Following identification of a close linkage to Rht8, microsatellite marker Gwm261 has been used extensively to screen large numbers of diverse international germplasm. A 192bp allele at this locus has been taken as “diagnostic” for Rht8 and used to infer the international distribution of Rht8. In this paper, we report several instances of cultivars and mapping populations that vary for the presence of the 192bp allele at the Xgwm261 locus (Xgwm261 ₁₉₂ ), but with no associated reduction in height, suggesting a lack of association with Rht8. For instance, in the population derived from a cross between Sunco (Rht-B1b, Xgwm261 ₁₆₅ ) and Tasman (Rht-D1b, Xgwm261 ₁₉₂ ), there were significant height differences associated with the segregation of Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b, but no height differences between Xgwm261 genotypes. Similar results were obtained in a population derived from the cross between Molineux (Rht-B1b, Xgwm261 ₁₉₂ ) and Trident (Rht-D1b Xgwm261 ₂₀₈ ). In contrast, the cross between Trident and Chuanmai 18 (Xgwm261 ₁₉₂ ) gave significant height effects at both the Rht-D1 and Xgwm261 loci, with no epistatic interaction between loci. Chuanmai 18 is closely related to the Strampelli wheat Mara (ancestrally derived from Akakomugi) and is therefore likely to carry Rht8. The old Japanese cultivar Norin 10, used by Norman Borlaug to introduce Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b into Mexican wheats, also has a 192bp allele at the Xgwm261 locus, and the sequence of the amplified product is identical to that of Akakomugi. We suggest that the widespread use of Norin 10-derived germplasm during and after the Green Revolution introduced a second haplotype into international germplasm, in which Xgwm261 ₁₉₂ has no association with Rht8. Therefore, the presence of Xgwm261 ₁₉₂ is only indicative of Rht8 in wheat cultivars that have inherited this allele from Akakomugi or a Strampelli wheat ancestor.     

秋水仙素和二甲基亚砜诱导矮败小麦孤雌生殖的效应

在隔离区内，以矮败小麦轮回选择群体中的不育株为供试亲本，用秋水仙素（Ｃｏｌ）和二甲基亚砜（ＤＭＳＯ）诱导孤雌生殖。结果表明，Ｃｏｌ和ＤＭＳＯ均具有诱导不育株孤雌生殖的作用，并且二者之间存在极显著的互作效应。同一药剂不同的诱导方法，其诱导效果有差异；小穗剪颖处理的孤雌生殖结实率较高；处理时间和套袋与否对孤雌生殖结实率影响不显著。孤雌生殖纯系在纯度和遗传稳定性方面均接近于对照品种（丰抗８号）。从遗传理论和育种实践的角度，讨论了药物诱导矮败小麦孤雌生殖的可行性及在小麦育种中的应用价值     

矮化中间砧红星苹果树各器官营养元素含量变化研究

研究表明,红星苹果树在年周期内各器官营养元素的含量变动很大,不同砧穗组合也有一定差异.矮化中间砧树叶片、果实和发育枝内多数营养元素含量高于乔砧树.红星苹果产量与叶内氮、磷的含量呈正相关,而与叶内钾的含量呈负相关.文中还讨论了营养元素在器官间存在的相关性.