腰果叶片铁、锰和铜含量分布规律

[目的]检测腰果叶片中铁、锰和铜含量的分布规律.[方法]以海南稳定生产的腰果园为对象,系统布置采样点位,在年度生育期内采集叶片样品,分析腰果叶片的铁、锰和铜微量元素含量,明确其叶片铁、锰和铜微量元素含量分布规律.[结果]腰果叶片铁、铜和锰含量与其年度生育周期有关;10月份腰果树体生长开始活跃,为接下来的花芽分化和果实生长积累养分,其叶片微量元素含量逐渐增加,翌年3月份的坐果期养分消耗较大,其叶片养分含量逐渐降低.[结论]该研究为腰果的养分管理提供了思路.     

台风"达维"为害海南腰果生产情况调查

2005年9月台风“达维”袭击海南省,是1973～1979年海南大面积种植腰果以来受到的最严重的自然灾害。台风灾害后调查表明,缺乏防护林带的成龄和幼龄腰果园,在10级以上台风和暴雨袭击下,腰果树严重倒伏、枝杆折断,叶片受损。12级以上台风和特大暴雨的袭击,腰果树受到的灾害则是毁灭性的。不合理的宽行密株(4m×14m)的腰果园抗风力最差,幼龄腰果树因根浅枝嫩,抗风力低于成龄树。为尽快恢复腰果植区灾后生产,提出了台风灾害后果园的抚管措施和防风减灾建议。     

Identification of RAPD markers linked to nut weight and plant stature in cashew

Cashew is an important edible nut crop of tropics. Bulk segregant analysis (BSA) was carried out on DNA bulks constituted from F₂ population and germplasm in order to link or associate molecular markers with economic characters. In all 458 RAPD, 31 ISSR and 21 pairs of SSR primers were used and identified polymorphic markers between parents. Though screening F₂ bulks with these markers identified markers polymorphic between the bulks but none could be validated with the individuals of their bulks. Hence screening with germplasm bulks was carried out and could identify four RAPD markers polymorphic between the bulks for nut weight and plant stature and also between the individuals of their bulks. Of the four, three markers were associated with nut weight amplifying at 775, 475, 275, bp region in primers OPN 14, UBC 184 and UBC 185 respectively. Out of these three, two markers were specific to low nut weight and one marker was specific to high nut weight and their bands were present in greater frequency (50–77.8% and 75%) of individuals constituting the respective bulks. Similarly, the another marker UBC 185₂₇₅ was detected which was specific to low plant stature and was present in 66.7% and 10% individuals constituting short and tall bulks respectively. Markers identified with bulks and with the individuals of bulks were validated further with more individuals of F₂ and germplasm.     

A search for anthracnose resistant cashew cultivars in Mozambique

Dwarf and common cashew (Anacardium occidentale) genotypes were screened separately for resistance against anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). Disease incidence was assessed on emerging leaves over three consecutive crop seasons in Mocuba, Meconta and Pebane districts of northern Mozambique. Evaluation the disease using leaf incidence is presented as a new field method for screening cashew genotypes resistant to anthracnose. It is fast, precise and consistent in ranking cultivars over several tree seasons. Seasonal, cultivar and disease incidence means were compared using Fishers' LSD test. The method enabled the differentiation of highly infected cultivars from those consistently tolerant across seasons and locations. No a single clone with a high level of resistance was identified out of 229 entries. However, hierarchical tables of clonal sensitivity ranked clones 1.12PA, 12.8PA and 1.18PA as tolerant and 11.9PA and 2.3BG as susceptible among the dwarfs. Among the common genotypes, clones NA7, MB77, 1.5R and MCH-2 ranked tolerant and IM1 and MU3 susceptible. Tolerant clones were therefore recommended to be used in the national cashew breeding program for further development of cashew cultivars with durable resistance to anthracnose. Further, clones such as 2.5VM, 1EM, MB75 and others that revealed incidence consistency over seasons can be used as susceptibility or tolerance standards in screening trials.     

Effect of inclusion of cashew globulin (Anacardium occidentale) to a casein diet on lipid parameters in rats

The effect of inclusion of cashew globulin to a casein diet on lipid metabolism was studied in rats fed diets with two levels of cashew globulin meal. Inclusion of cashew globulin to a casein diet produced lower levels of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol and phospholipids in the serum and tissues and lower levels of serum lipoprotein cholesterol. There was decreased cholesterogenesis in the liver as evidenced by decreased activity of HMG CoA reductase and decreased release of lipoproteins into circulation. Rats fed cashew globulin along with casein also showed higher activity of LPL in the heart and adipose tissue and higher activity of LCAT. Increased hepatic diversion of cholesterol to bile acid synthesis and increased excretion of bile acids and sterols were also observed in these groups. Activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme was decreased in rats fed cashew globulin along with casein. This study demonstrates that cashew globulins included in the diet of rats are able to alter lipid metabolism which results in lower levels of lipid parameters in the serum and tissues.     

Formulation and Physicochemical and Sensorial Evaluation of Biscuit-Type Cookies Supplemented with Fruit Powders

Cashew apple and guava residues from fruit juice industry were prepared as dehydrated fruit powders and used at different levels of wheat flour substitution for cookies formulations. The effects of guava and cashew apple fruit powders supplementation on physicochemical and sensorial characteristics of the cookies were evaluated. The pH, fibre and protein content were significantly affected. Biscuits with 15 g and 20 g/100g cashew apple and guava fruit powders showed the highest scores for sensorial attributes, respectively. The supplementation seems to be suited for wheat flour substitution and it is possible to obtain cookies with value-added food ingredient within the standards.     

腰果叶片氮磷钾年周期变化及再吸收效率

以6龄腰果无性系FL30为对象,采集全年12个月腰果成熟叶片样品,分析腰果叶片N、P、K年周期变化规律;并采集腰果衰老叶片样品,分析腰果树N、P、K再吸收效率.结果表明:腰果叶片N、P、K含量随生育期的改变而变化;叶片N含量从抽梢期至果实成熟呈上升趋势,果实成熟后明显下降,休眠期叶片N含量变化不大;叶片P含量从抽梢期至初果期总体呈下降趋势,初果期至休眠期则呈上升趋势；叶片N/P呈现出与N相似的年周期变化规律;叶片K含量在抽梢期呈下降趋势,初花期骤然上升,盛花坐果期继续缓慢上升,果实生长期至休眠期则呈下降趋势;腰果成熟叶片N、P、K含量显著高于衰老叶片,N、P、K再吸收率较高,再吸收效率顺序为REp＞REN＞REk.     

我国腰果种质资源收集保存研究进展

腰果是我国的特色热带坚果树种,优异腰果种质资源收集、鉴定和创新利用对于我国热区农民增收、农业增效具有重要意义.本研究系统归纳了我国腰果种质资源方面的主要研究进展,从腰果种质资源的收集和评价、抗性、遗传多样性等方面分别进行分析,系统分析了主要的研究进展和当前存在的主要问题,并提出了构建腰果种质资源的核心种质库和主要生物学性状的遗传稳定性进行分析的工作思路,对于完善我国腰果种质资源的品种分类和资源评价系统具有重要意义.     

Selection of efficient arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere of cashew and their application in the cashew nursery

Mycorrhizal association in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) grown in five different plantation areas of South India was investigated. The soil samples were collected from all locations. Physico-chemical properties of rhizosphere soils, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spore count and root colonization were recorded. Species isolated were Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Glomus and Scutellospora. The mycorrhizal spore density was maximum at Thanjavur and minimum at Kudumiyamalai. Root colonization percentage oscillated between 20 and 30%. The species of Glomus, G. aggregatum Schenck and Smith, G. fasciculatum (Thaxter) Gerdemann and Trappe and G. mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerdemann and Trappe were the most abundant in the majority of the experimental sites. Hence these three species were selected and used for artificial inoculation studies. Of the three mycorrhizal fungi G. fasciculatum significantly increased shoot length, internode number, internode length, number of leaves, stem diameter, root length and root number.     

Assessment of genetic diversity in cashew germplasm using RAPD and ISSR markers

Diversity and genetic relationship in 100 cashew germplasm accessions were analyzed by using RAPD and ISSR markers. Using 10 selected RAPD primers 60 bands were generated, of which 51 bands were polymorphic (85%), and with 10 selected ISSR primers 67 amplified bands were observed with 58 polymorphic bands (86.6%). Though both kinds of markers discriminated the accessions effectively, analysis of combined data of markers (RAPD + ISSR) resulted in better distinction of accessions. By combining markers, a total of 127 bands were detected, of which 109 bands (85.8%) were polymorphic and produced on an average of 5.45 polymorphic bands per primer. Primers with high polymorphic information content and marker index were identified for discriminating accessions. High percentage of polymorphism (>85%) observed with different markers indicated high level of genetic variation existing among the accessions. Genetic relationship estimated using similarity co-efficient (Jaccard’s) values between different pair of accessions varied from 0.43 to 0.94 in RAPD, 0.38 to 0.89 in ISSR and 0.43 to 0.87 with combined markers suggested a diversity (dissimilarity) ranging from 6 to 57%, 11 to 62% and 13 to 57% respectively and the diversity skewed around 50% indicated moderate diversity. The cluster analysis with UPGMA method separated the accessions broadly into 13 clusters and in that three into smaller clusters. Some correspondence between the molecular groupings and the morphological clusters were observed. Among the accessions, NRC-142 and NRC-12 were highly divergent and NRC-231 and NRC-232 were genetically similar.