石竹茎腐病病原菌鉴定与生物学特性研究

[目的]明确石竹茎腐病病原菌,以期更好地防治此病害。[方法]使用常规植物病理学和分子生物学方法分离和鉴定病原菌,并研究病原菌生物学特性。[结果]石竹茎腐病病原菌为立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)和尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)。立枯丝核菌最适生长温度为28℃,最适pH为7~8,最适生长的碳源为麦芽糖、可溶性淀粉,最适氮源是蛋白胨;尖孢镰刀菌最适生长温度为28℃,最适pH为7~9,尖孢镰刀菌在果糖和蔗糖中生长速度最快,葡萄糖最不利于其生长,最适氮源为蛋白胨。[结论]立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)和尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)共同侵染石竹引起石竹茎腐病。这2种病原菌对环境的适应能力较强。     

盆栽康乃馨切花生长发育综合调控

本研究为调控盆栽康乃馨切花的生长发育,提高观赏品质,采用温度、光照、植物生长调节剂和摘心等方法对盆栽康乃馨切花生长发育进行综合调控。结果表明:摘心起到很好的矮化作用,伸长量明显降低,同时分枝数增多、花期推后,开花期与对照相比,一次摘心的推后25 d,二次摘心的推后40 d;在光照培养箱中培养的盆栽康乃馨生长健壮,并延长花期7 d;100 mg/L的矮壮素处理的康乃馨植株伸长量明显降低,植株矮化,长势健壮;5 mg/L、10 mg/L、30 mg/L的B9以及30 mg/L、50mg/L矮壮素处理的植株叶长不同程度的缩短;5 mg/L的B9以及30 mg/L、70 mg/L、100mg/L的矮壮素处理的植株叶宽不同程度的增加,70 mg/L的矮壮素对叶宽的影响比对照(p<0.05)具有显著的差异;不同浓度的B9和矮壮素处理对开花期有不同程度的推后作用,花期延长,不同浓度B9处理的比对照花期平均延长4.5 d,不同浓度矮壮素处理的平均延长6.5 d。上述研究结果为盆栽康乃馨切花的生产和品质提升提供理论参考。     

Extending the postharvest life of carnations with nitric oxide—comparison of fumigation and in vivo delivery

The ability of nitric oxide (NO) to extend the postharvest life at 20 °C of carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. White-Sim) was investigated using delivery by gas-based fumigation and in vivo release via a solution containing the NO donor compound 2,2′-(hydroxynitrosohydrazino)-bisethanamine (DETA/NO). Treatment with NO gas in air at 1 and 5 μl l⁻¹ produced about a 30% increase in postharvest life while DETA/NO applied in solution at 10 mg l⁻¹ extended postharvest life by about 50% when dissolved in water. For flowers, use of solid delivery appears to offer a more convenient and more effective method of NO treatment than gaseous fumigation to extend postharvest life.     

矮生香石竹的组织培养和快速繁殖

矮生香石竹(代号为SJ-3)是本所采用切花香石竹和日本石竹杂交而成的优良新品种,该品种矮生、重瓣,没有种子,不能进行有性繁殖,因此利用组织培养技术、以矮生香石竹茎尖段为外植体,进行了组织培养快速繁殖研究。试验结果表明:(1)矮生香石竹增殖分化阶段的合适培养基为MS 6-BA0.2mg/L KT0.1mg/L NAA 0.05mg/L CCC 5ml/L;(2)合适的生根培养基为1/2MS NAA 0.5mg/L IBA0.5mg/L,生根率在86.6%;(3)在同等条件下采用透气的封口膜对克服矮生香石竹试管苗玻璃化有明显的效果;(4)生根试管苗移入珍珠岩∶河沙∶泥炭=1∶1∶1的基质中,成活率达93%,同时采用瓶外生根技术移栽成活率高,并缩短了试管苗的繁殖周期。     

麝香石竹的组培脱毒技术研究

[目的]探索麝香石竹的组培脱毒技术。[方法]以麝香石竹0.3~0.4 mm长的茎尖为外植体,在分化培养基中诱导丛生芽,丛生芽进行继代培养后,将幼苗进行病毒检测,将无毒幼苗保留继续繁殖,然后将无毒的幼苗移植到生根培养基中诱导生根。[结果]不同大小的香石竹茎尖对丛生芽的诱导有较大影响,以0.3 mm茎尖为最佳。丛生芽的诱导以MS+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+IAA 2.0 mg/L、根的诱导以1/2MS+IAA 0.5 mg/L(或IBA 0.5 mg/L)为最佳培养基。田间比较试验表明,与未脱毒麝香石竹相比,脱毒麝香石竹花的颜色鲜艳,切花品质好,产花量高,花裂萼少。[结论]该研究为扩大麝香石竹的繁殖提供了技术保障。     

不同激素配比对康乃馨芽增殖及玻璃化的影响

植物激素是影响康乃馨芽增殖和玻璃化的一个重要因素,为了研究不同激素配比对其影响,以腋芽为外植体,设计了一组正交试验。结果表明,在BA、NAA和KT中,BA对芽增殖和玻璃化均起决定作用,NAA次之,KT对芽增殖作用不大,对芽玻璃化作用最小。康乃馨增殖芽数不仅与BA的浓度有关,还与BA与NAA的比值有关。通过实验已筛选出适宜的康乃馨初代和继代培养基配方。     

3个香石竹新品种的杂交选育

利用石竹属的种质资源于1997-2006年进行香石竹杂交育种试验,对部分杂交组合的亲和力、子代部分性状的变异进行了分析.结果表明:2个种内杂交组合亲和力较强,3个种间杂交亲和力较弱,但授粉均能成功;杂交后代的花色、株高性状分离广泛,较偏母本性状.试验筛选出的3个新品种‘林隆2号’、‘林隆3号’和‘四季红,获得植物新品种保护权,具有一定的推广利用价值.     

Selection of ethylene-resistant carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) by video recording system and their response to ethylene

We used conventional cross-breeding techniques to develop a carnation with low ethylene sensitivity. A time-lapse video recording system for evaluating ethylene sensitivity of flowers, developed in our earlier study, proved useful for this breeding. We selected 10 new ethylene-resistant lines, in addition to the previously selected line 64–54. Lines 902–48a, 234–43S, and 234–36S showed extremely low ethylene sensitivity. The response time to 10 μL L⁻¹ ethylene of these three lines exceeded 50 h in two independent experiments (2004 and 2005), whereas that of three sensitive control cultivars (‘White Sim’, ‘Excerea’, and ‘Scania’) was 6.2–8.0 h. The mean vase life of the ethylene-resistant lines ranged from 7.6 to 12.7 days (1.4–2.3 times that of ‘White Sim’). The application of ethylene to carnation flowers induced autocatalytic ethylene production in both petals and gynoecia of 9 of the 11 ethylene-resistant lines without petal wilting, indicating that the autocatalytic ethylene production was regulated independently of the petal wilting reaction. This result further suggests that these lines have normal ethylene receptors and produce ethylene autocatalytically, but their petal wilting reaction stops at a point beyond the receptor. Two lines (118–64S and 120–69S) showed extremely low ethylene production at flower senescence and very low autocatalytic ethylene production from petals and gynoecia.     

香石竹斑驳病毒的初步研究Ⅰ病毒的生物学及病理学变化

 香石竹斑驳病毒在供试的5科13种植物中,能侵染3科5种植物,在苋色藜、昆诺阿藜、菠菜、千日红上产生枯斑,系统侵染中国石竹,中国石竹是最理想的繁殖寄主。该病毒的钝化温度为80℃,稀释限点为10^-5～10^-6,体外存活期为60d.电镜观察纯化病毒是直径为28nm的球状粒子,观察病叶超薄切片,可看到在木质部导管中存在呈晶状排列或散生的病毒粒子,在细胞质中病毒则排列在鞘状膜的结构中。     

微生物菌剂对蔬菜·花卉废弃物直接还田效果的影响——以云南滇池为例

随着云南滇池流域点源污染的控制,面源污染正逐步受到重视。通过盆栽试验选取滇池流域面源污染示范区设施大棚中具有代表性的蔬菜西芹、花卉香石竹废弃物鲜样为原料,配施微生物菌剂进行直接还田,研究其对土壤养分含量及大白菜生物量的影响。结果表明:微生物菌剂能够加快废弃物中养分释放速率;西芹配施菌剂与对照(CK)相比能显著提高土壤pH值,西芹、香石竹废弃物配施生物菌剂还田与对照(CK)比能够显著提高大白菜生物量。此外,废弃物还田与对照(CK)比可以提高大白菜产量30.1%~92.5%,其中香石竹配施生物菌剂处理增产效果最好。