辽西‘富士’苹果CND法营养诊断研究

【目的】辽西地区‘富士’苹果的栽培面积和产量占辽宁省较大比例,但其施肥管理缺乏科学理论依据,本研究采用Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis(CND)法对辽西‘富士’果园的营养状况开展叶片分析研究,初步探明辽西地区‘富士’果园营养状况,指导果园施肥管理。【方法】以86个有代表性的‘富士’苹果园为研究试材,测定了果园产量,果实品质以及叶片中氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)、锰(Mn)、锌(Zn)元素的含量。采用CND法对高生产水平果园进行划分,并对低产水平果园进行营养诊断。采用CND法对高产果园产量划分标准临界值进行确定;对果实品质的划分标准进行确定:第一,对果实品质的6个指标进行归一化;第二,对6个指标进行主成分分析,得到6个指标的综合评价得分;第三,采用CND法对果实品质综合得分进行划分,得到果实品质的划分标准临界值;选择同时满足产量和品质划分标准临界值的果园,结合专家咨询法,确定高生产水平果园的划分标准。根据高生产水平果园的营养状况确定CND法标准参比值,并以此为基础进行叶营养诊断,得到辽西‘富士’果园的叶营养状况。针对叶营养状况进行土壤营养丰缺状况的分析,得到辽西‘富士’果园的营养状况的整体情况。【结果】根据CND法的叶分析可以得到:高生产水平果园的产量划分临界值为44.556t/hm2,品质评价综合得分的划分临界值为0.792,辽西地区满足此条件的果园有13个,占总体采样园的15.12%;不同营养元素CND法叶标准参比值为:V*N=2.776,V*P=0.212,V*K=1.884,V*Ca=2.042,V*Mg=0.814,V*Fe=-2.470,V*Cu=-5.090,V*Mn=-2.631,V*Zn=-3.867,V*R=6.330;SD*N=0.173,SD*P=0.144,SD*K=0.155,SD*Ca=0.266,SD*Mg=0.307,SD*Fe=0.189,SD*Cu=0.474,SD*Mn=0.467,SD*Zn=0.325,SD*R=0.134;辽西‘富士’苹果低生产水平果园需肥顺序为:FeMnPNCaKCuZnMg。【结论】CND法使叶分析研究可同时考虑果园产量和果实品质。以此方法进行分析,辽西地区高生产水平果园的产量划分临界值为38.451 t/hm2,品质评价综合得分的划分临界值为0.792,辽西地区满足此条件的果园有13个,仅占总体采样园的15.12%;辽西地区‘富士’苹果的树体营养状况表现为Fe、Mn、P和N元素缺乏;土壤丰缺状况表现为Fe、Mn元素含量适宜,N、P元素缺乏;建议辽西‘富士’低生产水平果园的N、P、K施用采用少量多次原则,适当增加Fe、Mn元素叶面肥的施用。     

Optimum Nutrient Concentrations and CND Scores of Mature White Spruce Determined Using a Boundary-Line Approach and Spatial Variation of Tree Growth and Nutrition

ABSTRACT

Standards of optimum nutrition are not readily available for mature trees of the Canadian boreal forest. The objective of this study was to determine foliar nutritional standards for white spruce for all major nutrients [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and manganese (Mn)] using critical values (CVA) and compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND). Trees were sampled at two locations in Ontario and Quebec to cover a gradient of soil fertility levels. A boundary-line approach was used in combination with quadratic regression models to estimate the relationship between growth and foliar-nutrient concentrations or CND scores when free of the effects of interacting environmental factors. White spruce optimum nutrition ranges were computed from significant relationships (P ≤ 0.10) for N, P, K, Ca, and Mn concentrations and for N, P, and K CND scores. Optimum concentrations for first-year needles were 12.3, 1.9, 7.3, 6.5, and 0.39 mg g^?1 for N, P, K Ca, and Mn, respectively, whereas optimum CND scores were 0.17, ?1.65, ?0.40, and ?0.30 for N, P, K, and Ca, respectively. Samples from a broader range of environmental conditions will be required in order to establish standards for all major nutrients and to ascertain toxicity levels of most nutrients.     

Nutritional reference values for Opuntia ficus‐indica determined by means of the boundary‐line approach

Optimum concentrations and/or sufficiency ranges of nutrients are useful for a correct diagnosis and improvement of nutrient status of cultivated plants. To develop boundary‐line approach (BLA) standards for Opuntia ficus‐indica L., a database of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg concentrations in 1‐year‐old cladodes and cladodes fresh‐matter yield was used. The BLA optimum concentrations (associated with estimated maximum yield) for O. ficus‐indica were: N = 13.1 g kg^–1, P = 3.2 g kg^–1, K = 44.4 g kg^–1, Ca = 38.1 g kg^–1, and Mg = 17.3 g kg^–1. The BLA sufficiency ranges at 95% yield were 8.4–20.3 g kg^–1 for N, 2.4–4.2 g kg^–1 for P, 38.2–50.8 g kg^–1 K, 31.8–45.2 g kg^–1 for Ca, and 14.3–20.9 g kg^–1 for Mg. The BLA standards are comparable to those obtained in a previous study using compositional‐nutrient‐diagnosis (CND) approach.     

Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis in Maize Grown in a Calcareous Soil

ABSTRACT

Preliminary compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) norms for maize (Zea mays L.) were developed from a small database as means and standard deviations of row-centered log ratios V _X of five nutrients [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg)] and a filling value R, which comprised all nutrients not chemically analyzed and quantified in 72 leaves of hybrid ‘Pioneer 3044.’ Norms were derived from maize grain yields higher than 7.7 t ha^?1. Principal-component analysis performed using CND nutrient indexes allowed us to identify an antagonism between N and Mg explained by the calcareous nature of the soil and the relevant N fertilization with ammonium (NH₄ ⁺), and a positive interaction between P and K, and P-Ca and K-Ca antagonisms. Maize plants tended to take up lower amounts of N and K and higher amount of Mg in our calcareous soil than the concentrations of these nutrients reported to be optimum.     

Nutrient Sufficiency Ranges in Mango Using Boundary-Line Approach and Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis Norms in El-Salhiya,Egypt

Nutrient sufficiency ranges are useful for diagnosing and correcting plant nutritional status in order to optimize yield and protect the environment. This study was conducted to determine nutrient sufficiency ranges for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in mango trees grown in El-Salhiya, Egypt, through boundary-line approach (BLA) and compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) technique. For this purpose, foliar samples from 310 mango trees were collected during two successive years from the study area and fruit yields were recorded. The nutrient sufficiency ranges generated by BLA were 0.744–1.430% for N, 0.074–0.142% for P, 0.543–1.045% for K, 1.366–2.653% for Ca, 0.155–0.305% for Mg, 389–1148 ppm for Fe, 23.1–60.5 ppm for Mn, 28.4–56.3 ppm for Zn, and 2.37–12.10 ppm for Cu. The CND-derived nutrient sufficiency ranges were 0.917–1.215% for N, 0.066–0.106% for P, 0.585–0.943% for K, 1.003–2.077% for Ca, 0.112–0.378% for Mg, 277.5–849.2 ppm for Fe, 27.9–82.4 ppm for Mn, 29.2–44.6 ppm for Zn, and 2.42–11.37 ppm for Cu. The optimum nutrient concentrations generated from BLA were in general comparable to those obtained using CND technique. Only Ca and Fe optimum concentrations showed poor match. Seven significant nutrient interactions were strongly evidenced through principal component analysis of the computed CND indexes. The positive interaction was P-K, while the negative interactions were P-Mg, K-Mg, Ca-Zn, P-Fe, K-Fe, and Zn-Cu.     

Role of Nutrient Imbalance on Yellow Leaf Disease in Smallholder Arecanut Systems on a Laterite Soil in India

On-farm trials in India investigated the role of nutrient imbalance on yellow leaf disease (YLD) in arecanut on a laterite soil using compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) approach. Soil fertility status was imbalanced with high organic carbon status and low phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). The CND norms indicated that the order of nutrient demand was changed with nutrient application. Interventions increased yield by 50% during 2007–2010. The correlations indicated positive effect of nitrogen (N) and K and negative effect of manganese (Mn) on yield. The CND indices for NPK were important discriminators between yellowed and apparently healthy populations both in 2007 and 2010. Linear regressions between leaf nutrient concentrations and CND indices were significant for P, K, iron (Fe), Mn, and copper (Cu) (R² = 0.44–0.53). Results suggest that the predisposing factor for YLD might be nutrient imbalance in the soil leading to deficit of major nutrients in plant.     

重庆三峡库区鲍威尔脐橙花期叶片矿质营养诊断

【目的】通过对重庆三峡库区江津和奉节鲍威尔脐橙果园叶片矿质元素测定并进行叶片营养状况诊断,为鲍威尔脐橙高产优质施肥方案的制定提供依据。【方法】以重庆三峡库区江津和奉节40个代表性12年生枳橙砧鲍威尔脐橙小区植株为试材,通过测定盛花期叶片中氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）、钙（Ca）、镁（Mg）、铁（Fe）、铜（Cu）、锰（Mn）、锌（Zn）元素的含量和小区产量,运用叶片营养组分分析法(CND)、诊断施肥综合法(DRIS)和标准含量适宜偏差百分数法(DOP)3种方法对两个地区低产组叶片营养状况进行诊断。【结果】根据CND拐点法确定高产园划分临界值为330 t·hm^-2,其中仅有奉节地区6个小区满足此条件,占总样本15.0%,同时依据高产组叶片N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn等各营养元素含量范围确定上述元素适宜值分别为N(2.0±0.1)%、P(0.12±0.01)%、K(2.1±0.5)%、Ca(3.1±0.4)g·kg^-1 DW、Mg (0.31±0.03)g·kg^-1 DW、Fe(36.6±13.1)mg·kg^-1 DW、Mn (51.4±21.6)mg·kg^-1 DW、Cu(2.2±0.7)mg·kg^-1 DW和Zn(12.3±1.5)mg·kg^-1 DW;建立不同营养元素CND法叶标准参比值为V_N*=3.62±0.07,V_P*=0.78±0.08,V_K*=1.36±0.21,V_Ca*=1.74±0.14,V_Mg*=-0.55±0.10,V_Fe*=-2.74±0.36,V_Mn*=-2.40±0.39,V_Cu*=-5.55±0.32,V_Zn*=-3.78±0.10;依据DRIS法对江津地区筛选出N/K、N/Fe、N/Cu、P/K、P/Fe、P/Cu、K/Fe、K/Cu、Ca/N、Ca/P、Ca/K、Ca/Fe、Ca/Mn、Ca/Cu、Mg/N、Mg/P、Mg/K、Mg/Fe、Mg/Cu、Mn/N、Mn/P、Mn/K、Mn/Mg、Mn/Fe、Mn/Cu、Mn/Zn、Zn/Ca、Zn/Mg、Zn/Fe、Zn/Cu等30个,奉节地区筛选出Ca/K、Mg/K、Mg/Zn、Mn/N、Mn/P、Mn/K、Mn/Ca、Mn/Mg、Mn/Fe、Mn/Cu、Cu/P、Cu/K、Cu/Mg、Cu/Fe等14个叶片营养浓度比值参数;根据叶片矿质元素含量适宜值采用CND、DRIS、DOP 3种方法对奉节低产小区和江津地区橘园盛花期叶片营养诊断。其中,CND法需肥顺序：江津为Ca＞Mg＞N＞P＞Mn,奉节为N＞Ca＞P＞Zn＞Fe＞Mn;DRIS法需肥顺序：江津为Ca＞Mg＞＞Mn＞N＞P,奉节为Zn＞＞Fe＞Ca＞Mn＞N＞Mg;DOP法需肥顺序,江津为Ca＞Mn＞Mg,奉节为Mn＞＞Zn＞Fe＞Ca＞Mg＞N。【结论】3种方法诊断结果表明,果园营养不平衡指数江津地区CND、DRIS、DOP分别为166.5、4 291.0、117.5,奉节低产小区分别为37.2、570.0、14.1,奉节果园营养平衡状况均优于江津,两产区均具有很大的增产潜力。     

NORMS FOR MULTIVARIATE DIAGNOSIS OF NUTRIENT IMBALANCE IN THE EAST AFRICAN HIGHLAND BANANAS (MUSA SPP. AAA)

Despite low yields and soil fertility problems, fertilizer use in the East African Highland banana (AAA-EA) production is absent. High fertilizer costs increase the need for site-specific fertilizer recommendations that address deficiencies. This study aimed to derive and compare norms for AAA-EA bananas, using Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND), Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS), and a DRIS that includes a filling value (DRIS-R_d), and study nutrient interactions. Data on foliar nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium concentrations, and plant performance were obtained from 300 plots in Uganda. CND indices were closely related to DRIS and DRIS-Rd indices (R² > 0.965). Four nutrient interactions were common in both low and high bunch weight subpopulations. Although the three approaches can be used to determine nutrient imbalances in AAA-EA bananas, we recommend CND for ease of use. Diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies should be based on methods that identify plant nutritional imbalances.     

非SO2型红地球葡萄专用保鲜剂

研究了非SO2型红地球葡萄专用保鲜剂CND的应用效果.结果表明:经过CND处理后,红地球葡萄还原糖、总酸、VC 的3种营养指标总体消耗显著降低,品质保持较好.贮藏期间呼吸强度明显低于对照组,影响红地球葡萄品质的3种主要酶类均保持较低活跃水平.说明CND能较好的控制红地球葡萄的生理代谢,保鲜效果明显.