番荔枝品种选育和栽培生理研究进展

概述了热带果树番荔枝（Ａｎｎｏｎａ ｓｐｐ．）在选种育种和栽培生理方面的研究进展，包括种质资源，实生树和砧木选种，杂交育种，人工授粉，产期调节以及温度、水分、矿质元素等生态因子对番荔枝生长发育的影响，并就国内番荔枝研究的发展方向进行了探讨。     

复合涂膜保鲜剂对番荔枝模拟贮运期间品质的影响

研究大黄与五倍子复合涂膜保鲜剂涂膜对番荔枝模拟贮运期间贮藏品质的影响,明确该保鲜剂的保鲜效果。将保鲜剂涂膜的番荔枝作为处理组、未涂膜的果实作为对照(CK),分别置于加冰的泡沫箱中贮藏20 h模拟当地贮运技术,之后开箱放置于常温下贮藏,考察复合涂膜保鲜剂对番荔枝感官品质及其生理生化的影响。结果表明,与CK组比较,经涂膜处理后番荔枝果实的裂果、烂果、霉果和失重情况明显改善,褐变指数和乙烯释放量显著降低;有效延缓了果实软化,延迟了呼吸高峰第1次出现的时间,抑制呼吸高峰的第2次出现, 可显著降低淀粉酶活性、减缓淀粉转化为可溶性固形物的速度。该保鲜剂可有效延缓番荔枝模拟贮运期间果实的衰老,起到较为理想的保鲜效果。     

Early flower initiation allows ample manipulation of flowering time in cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.)

Flower initiation date and readiness to flowering in buds of different age were studied in ‘Fino de Jete’ cherimoya (Annona cherimola) cultivar in order to establish the limits for the manipulation of its flowering date. Flower initiation was analyzed by light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) collecting axillary buds from May to the following February, whereas the bud readiness to produce perfect flowers was determined by forcing buds of different age to sprout by means of leaf removal and tipping the new growth. SEM images confirm that cherimoya buds are differentiated into flowers almost a year before blooming. In this regard, axillary buds have already formed the sepals when the subtending leaf has just begun unfolding (week 0), while the petals are clearly visible in 1-week-old buds. Sectioning of paraffin-embedded buds illustrate that cherimoya buds are in fact a bud complex that 1 week after its inception comprises 4–5 buds of different size of which the two largest ones are reproductive, while the 2–3 smallest buds often remain undifferentiated at that time. The high capacity of flowering expressed by young buds that have been forced to grow proves that cherimoya meristems are early competent for flowering. No differences in fertility or in the time needed to reach anthesis after leaf removal were found among buds of different ages. Node position had no effect on bud break and flowering potential. The early flower initiation in cherimoya deduced from this work opens a wide temporal window for the experimental manipulation of flowering and harvest dates in this crop.     

Can giant clam (Tridacna squamosa) populations be restored on Singapore's heavily impacted coral reefs?

• 1. Giant clams have been a sustainable resource for millennia, but unregulated harvesting has led to local extinctions within the Indo‐Pacific region. Giant clam mariculture can produce large numbers of juveniles for restocking wild populations where natural recruitment is low or absent.
• 2. Singapore is surrounded by more than 60 small islands, many with fringing reefs. These reefs, however, experience increased turbidity and sedimentation resulting from massive coastal development projects and regular dredging of shipping lanes.
• 3. Seven reefs off Singapore's southern islands were surveyed (9670 m²) for giant clams. Also, an experiment was conducted to determine the growth of Tridacna squamosa reared in aquaria under three light treatments: ～50% ambient photosynthetically active radiation (PAR); ～25% ambient PAR; and ～12% ambient PAR. Finally, 144 clams (T. squamosa) were transplanted to four reefs around Singapore to study survival and growth in a heavily impacted environment.
• 4. A total of 23 adult clams from three species were found during the survey, representing a mean density of 0.24 per 100 m². Most clams were found at Raffles Lighthouse, Singapore's ‘best’ reef. No juvenile clams were encountered. In the aquarium experiment, clam growth was significantly different among the three light treatments, with growth greatest in the ～50% ambient PAR treatment. Of the 144 transplanted clams, 116 (80.6%) were recovered after 7 months. All specimens had increased in size, with growth rates among reefs ranging from 3.3 mm month^?1 (SD=1.3 mm) to 4.8 mm month^?1 (SD=1.6 mm).
• 5. Results suggest that, despite high levels of sedimentation and turbidity on Singapore's reefs, giant clams can survive and grow well. Restocking efforts using maricultured clams may be effective in enhancing the dwindling local populations. It is not clear, however, whether a self‐sustaining community can be established as high sedimentation may hinder larval settlement and survival.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

套袋对AP番荔枝果实主要品质及耐贮性的影响

[目的]探讨套袋对番荔枝果实品质和贮藏特性的影响。[方法]以AP番荔枝为试材,用双层双色纸袋、白色无纺布袋和单层白色纸袋3种套袋方式进行处理,分析不同套袋材质对番荔枝外观和内在品质以及贮藏相关酶活性的影响。[结果]套袋可显著改善番荔枝果实的外观品质,使果皮洁净美观,着色均匀,锈斑减少,明显增强果实的耐贮性。套袋处理对番荔枝果实的果形指数以及部分内在品质产生了一定影响。与对照相比,套袋可使番荔枝果实的POD和CAT等氧化酶活性增加,PPO活性减小,MDA积累减少,因而使得果实较耐贮藏。3种套袋处理中,无纺布袋套袋的效果相对较好,套袋后果实外观和果形指数较好,颜色均匀一致。[结论]该研究为进一步优化番荔枝的套袋栽培技术提供理论依据。     

Biological control of botrytis leaf blight of onion byGliocladium roseum applied as sprays and with fabric applicators

Gliocladium roseum (5×10⁶ conidia ml^–1) and chlorothalonil (Bravo 500) were compared in two field tests for effectiveness in suppressing leaf blight caused byBotrytis squamosa in cooking onions. The biological control agent and fungicide were applied with sprayers and with specially designed fabric applicators that were mounted interchangeably on an aluminium carriage with bicycle wheels. In the applicators, inoculum and fungicide gravitated from a reservoir down curtains of denim strips and onto portions of onion leaves contacted by the strips. Initial applications were timed using a leaf blight forecasting system (BOTCAST) and three or four subsequent applications were made at weekly intervals. When compared to water checks,G. roseum applied as sprays or by applicators reduced density of leaf spots by about 50–58% during middle and late stages of epidemics. The antagonist was about half as effective as chlorothalonil in suppressing density of spots, regardless of application method. The applicators delivered inoculum in similar densities to proximal and distal halves of leaves, and used at least 35% less volume of inoculum compared to the sprayers. Density of inoculum on leaves treated by applicators was about the same as in spray-treated leaves when canopies were sparse, but less when canopies were dense. It is concluded thatG. roseum has good potential for controlling leaf blight sufficiently to avoid economic yield losses.     

番荔枝在元江的引种成效及栽培技术

1992年在云南省元江县 4个引种点的种植试验结果表明 :番荔枝在元江海拔 4 0 0～ 92 1m ,年均温 2 1～2 4℃的干热河谷地区生长良好 ,种后 2～ 3年开始结果 ,每hm2 产量达 2 5 5 4kg ;6年生幼树每hm2 产果 14 4 5 8kg,产值 4 86 30元。番荔枝对土壤的适应性较强 ,但以砂壤土种植为宜 ,可获高产。番荔枝间种芒果模式 ,是提高幼林果园经济效益的一种有效经营方式。另对番荔枝的育苗、种植技术、水肥管理、整形修剪、病虫害防治等作了系统介绍     

圆滑番荔枝叶乙醇提取物不同萃取组分对胡椒瘟病菌的抑菌活性测定

采用液-液分配法对圆滑番荔枝叶乙醇提取物进行萃取分离,得到石油醚、三氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯等不同萃取组分。采用生长速率法测定不同萃取组分对胡椒瘟病菌的抑制作用。结果表明:乙酸乙酯萃取组分对胡椒瘟病菌的抑制作用最强,其中20 mg/mL乙酸乙酯萃取组分对胡椒瘟病菌菌丝生长的抑制率达到74.43%,具有较好的抑菌效果。     

番荔枝不同家系果实表型性状的差异

为了筛选出适宜广西石漠化地区栽培的番荔枝（Annona squamosa）新品种,2012年从越南岩溶地区引进了番荔枝15个家系的果实,通过对其果实表型性状差异性分析,结果表明：各家系之间果实纵径、单果质量、糖度以及种子的长度、种宽、种厚、千粒重均有显著差异,而各家系之间果实横径差异不显著,果实纵径最大是27号,果实横径最大是11号,单果质量最重是23号,糖度最高是20号。     

番荔枝苗木生长节律及生物量积累

通过对番荔枝苗木生长动态、苗木生物量积累和分配模式研究,建立了苗木的生长模型、连日生长量模型,并据此模型将番荔枝苗木生长进程划分为：生长初期、速生期、缓增期和停滞期。其中,苗高和地径在速生期间的生长量占全年总生长量的67.38％和70.33％。苗木生物量积累与苗高、地径的函数模型关系表明：全株干质量、地上干质量、全株含水量和地上部分含水量与苗高和地径显著相关。番荔枝苗木生长210 d 全株可积累干质量7.39 g,其中地上部分为4.86 g,地下部分为2.53 g,全株含水量是全株干质量的1.68倍。建议根据苗木不同阶段的生长特性提出相应的育苗技术措施。本研究为高效培育番荔枝优质苗木提供了科学依据。