Effects of utilization of local food by‐products as total mixed ration silage materials on fermentation quality and intake,digestibility, rumen condition and nitrogen availability in sheep

Four wethers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to evaluate in vivo digestibility of total mixed ration (TMR) silage with food by‐products for dairy cows, and the ruminal condition and nitrogen (N) balance were examined. Five by‐products (i.e. potato waste, noodle waste, soybean curd residue, soy sauce cake and green tea waste) were obtained. Four types of TMR silage were used: control (C) containing roughage and commercial concentrate, T1:20% and T1:40% containing the five by‐products replacing 20% and 40% of the commercial concentrate on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively, and T2:40% containing three by‐products (potato waste, noodle waste and soybean curd residue) replacing 40% of the commercial concentrate on a DM basis. The ingredients were mixed and preserved in oil drum silos for 4 months. The TMR silages showed 4.02–4.44% and 1.75–2.19% for pH and lactic acid contents, respectively. The digestibility of DM and neutral detergent fiber, and total digestible nutrient content were higher (P < 0.05) for T2:40% feeding than for C feeding. Urinary nitrogen excretion tended to be lower (P = 0.07) for T2:40% than for C. The results suggested 40% replacing of commercial concentrate by using the three food by‐products can be most suitable for TMR silage.     

短花针茅草原上放牧强度对绵羊生产性能的影响

1985～1989年在内蒙古农牧学院哈雅教学牧场选用杂种羯羊在短花针茅草原上进行放牧强度试验，分析各处理对绵羊生产性能的影响，旨在探讨放牧强度与绵羊生产之间的关系，确定适宜的载畜率。研究结果表明，轻度放牧的绵羊体重显著高于中度和重度放牧（P＜0．01）；放牧期间轻度放牧绵羊的总增重量显著高于重度放牧（P＜0．01），各处理间绵羊掉源量无明显差异（P＞0．05）；轻度放牧绵羊净毛量显著高于中度和重度放牧（P＜0．01），而两者之间净毛量无显著差异（P＞0．05）；经济效益分析表明，载畜率为1．07ha／只·年的中度放牧是最为经济合理的放牧强度。     

陕北白绒山羊羯羊能量和蛋白质需要量

本试验旨在研究陕北白绒山羊羯羊能量和蛋白质的需要量,为制定其饲养标准提供数据。选取36只体重相近、健康状况良好的陕北白绒山羊周岁羯羊,按3×3(能量×蛋白质)完全随机设计分为9组,每组4个重复,每个重复1只。各组饲粮消化能和粗蛋白质水平分别参照NRC(1981)推荐量的100%、110%、120%和90%、110%、130%设定。预试期7 d,正试期46 d。结果表明:1)饲粮能量水平对周岁羯羊的干物质采食量和平均日增重都有极显著影响(P0.01),蛋白质水平对干物质采食量影响显著(P0.05);饲粮能量和蛋白质水平对干物质采食量有显著的互作效应(P0.05)。2)低能量水平组的可消化氮显著低于中能量水平组与高能量水平组(P0.05);低蛋白质水平组的进食氮、可消化氮、沉积氮、氮表观消化率均极显著低于中蛋白质水平组和高蛋白质水平组(P0.01)。3)总能消化率和总能代谢率均随着能量水平的提高而极显著地升高(P0.01);高蛋白质水平组的总能代谢率和消化能代谢率显著低于低蛋白质水平组(P0.05);能量和蛋白质水平对总能消化率、总能代谢率和消化能代谢率均产生显著或极显著的互作效应(P0.05或P0.01)。本试验得到了陕北白绒山羊周岁羯羊能量和蛋白质需要量的回归方程,饲粮的消化能和代谢能分别以8.80~10.61 MJ/kg和7.34~8.76 M J/kg较为适宜,粗蛋白质和可消化粗蛋白质分别以10.00%和7.34%为宜。     

饲喂不同比例大叶章日粮对辽宁绒山羊瘤胃有机物降解率的影响

选用12只7月龄体重（16.67±0.51 kg）无显著差异的辽宁绒山羊羯羊,安装永久性瘤胃瘘管进行试验。随机分为4组,每组3只,分别对其进行饲喂含大叶章占粗饲料比例为25%、50%、75%和100%的日粮,研究上述日粮主要营养物质的瘤胃有机物降解率,结果发现,大叶章占粗饲料75%组的DM、CP、ADF、NDF消失率和降解率均显著高于其它组（P〈0.05）。     

冷季新疆细毛羯羔气体能量代谢与环境温度关系的初步研究

在冷季用气体能量代谢方法测定4头新疆细毛羯羔的白昼产热量,在一般饲喂条件下为73.4±15.1卡/分·W~(0.75),饥饿条件下为52.0±11.0卡/分·W~(0.75)。产热量与环境温度呈线性负相关,相关方程和决定系数在饲喂条件下分别为Q=-1.15t 67.43和r~2=0.48,饥饿时为Q=-1.47t 43.07和r~2=0.60。动物饥饿时呼出气中不含甲烷;饲喂条件下如不测定甲烷,所得产热量约高3.8％。     

用瘤胃尼龙袋法评定氨化麦秸的饲用价值

试验用4只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的绵羊,采用尼龙袋法对四种供试饲料按4×4拉丁方试验设计,评定尿素氨化麦秸的饲用价值。四种供试饲料为氨化麦秸(Ⅰ),麦秸(Ⅱ),麦秸加玉米粉(Ⅲ)和麦秸加豆饼粉(Ⅳ)。试验分12小时和48小时两个消化时间段进行。结果表明瘤胃消化48小时后饲料干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的消失率均比消化12小时的高(P<0.05;P<0.01)。Ⅰ号料的DM、OM、CP、NDF的瘤胃消失率均显著地高于Ⅱ号料(P<0.05;P<0.01),且其中CP、NDF和ADF的瘤胃消失率亦较Ⅲ号料高(P<0.05;P<0.01),而在Ⅰ号料和Ⅳ号料间无显著差异(P>0.05)。麦秸经氨化增加的粗蛋白具有和添加的豆饼粉或玉米粉中所含粗蛋白相似的饲用价值。氮化处理促进麦秸粗纤维消化利用的效果和添加7.7%的豆饼粉相当。     

放牧绵羊行为生态学研究：Ⅲ不同放牧时期对放牧绵羊牧食行为的影响

在较低放牧率和限牧时间条件下，不同放牧时期对绵羊牧食行为的影响有：（１）当放牧时间缩短时，绵羊通过缩短反刍行为的时间而保持采食时间的相对稳定，并通过调整各采参数数以保持进食速率和日采食量的相对稳定，对饮水行为影响不大；（２）９月份反刍周期数和总反刍食团数量少，反刍时间最短；６月份每个食团咀嚼次数最少，咀嚼时间最短；（３）７月份排尿次数量多，每次排尿时间最长；９月份居中；６月份量少。排粪行淡差异不显     

The effect of replacing brewers' grains with barley tea grounds in total mixed ration silage on feed intake, digestibility and ruminal fermentation in wethers

Four wethers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square to study the feed intake, apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance and ruminal fermentation characteristics when fed total mixed ration (TMR) silages which included wet barley tea grounds (WBTG). The TMR silages were prepared using compound feed including wet brewers' grains (WBG), corn, oat hay, alfalfa hay, dried beet pulp, salt and vitamin-mineral supplement in a ratio of 30.7:15:8:24:10:12:0.15:0.15, respectively, on a dry matter (DM) basis. The WBTG and soybean meal mixture (7:3 on DM basis) were substituted for WBG at ratio of 0% (Control), 5% (LTG), 10% (MTG), and 15% (HTG) on DM of TMR. WBTG addition to the TMR silages increased lactic acid concentration, decreased pH, acetic acid and ammonia-N ( P  < 0.001). Feed intakes and digestibilities for LTG and MTG (except ether extract (EE) digestibility) treatments were not different from the control ( P  > 0.05). However, EE and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake, crude protein, EE and NDF digestibility was lower, but the DM and gross energy digestibility was higher for the HTG treatment compared to control ( P  < 0.01). With progressive increases in WBTG concentrations, nitrogen intake, fecal nitrogen and retention nitrogen did not differ, but the urinary nitrogen for MTG and HTG treatments were lower than that of the control ( P  = 0.001). The ruminal total volatile fatty acid concentration and the molar ratios of propionate and butyrate were higher, but the acetate, ratio of acetate to propionate and ammonia-N content were lower for the HTG treatment compared with the control ( P  < 0.05). Therefore, the possible proportion of replacing WBG with WBTG for TMR silage can be 10% or less of the diet DM.     

饲喂不同比例大叶章日粮对辽宁绒山羊生产性能的影响

选用20只7月龄体重无显著差异的辽宁绒山羊羯羊,随机分为4组,每组5只。对其饲喂大叶章占粗饲料比例分别为25%、50%、75%和100%的日粮,研究饲喂不同比例大叶章日粮对辽宁绒山羊生产性能的影响,结果表明75%日粮组绒山羊的平均日增重显著高于其它组（p〈0.05）。羊绒的生长速度、羊绒伸直长度、羊绒细度、羊绒强度、拉伸长度,各处理组间差异不显著（p〉0.05）。