草鱼出血病的病原研究

草鱼出血病的病原研究,始于50年代。1978—84年,分离到一种病原病毒,定名为草鱼呼肠孤病毒或鱼呼肠孤病毒。本文报道从出血病病鱼组织的电镜研究中发现两种病毒颗料,一种即是呼肠孤病毒,另一种是20-30nm大小的病毒。经病毒的核酸分析,前者是双股RNA病毒;后者为单股RNA病毒。用分离到的这两种病毒分别注入1足龄健康草鱼,可发生两类不同症状的出血病;呼肠孤病毒主要导致“肠出血型”症状;另一种病毒(经初步鉴别属于小RNA病毒科病毒)主要导致“肌肉出血型”出血病。由此,可以证实两种病毒都是草鱼出血病的病原病毒,同时也初步解释出现两种不同症状出血病的原因。     

Bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 3 infection in Poll Dorset sheep

Objective To study the clinical signs following bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 3 infection in Poll Dorset sheep.
Design A clinical and pathological study.
Procedure Twenty Poll Dorset sheep were inoculated with bluetongue virus serotypes 1 or 3, each inoculum having a different passage history. The sheep were examined daily and their clinical appearance and rectal temperatures recorded. Heparinised and non-heparinised blood samples were taken at intervals for virological and serological study. Gross pathological findings were recorded for several sheep at necropsy and tissue samples were collected from three sheep for virological studies.
Results All inoculated sheep developed clinical disease. The clinical signs and gross pathological changes varied considerably but were consistent with damage to the vascular endothelial system. There was a decline in the titres of infectious bluetongue virus and of antigen in tissues collected between 7 and 12 days after infection.
Conclusions The severity of disease was related to the speed of onset and duration of pyrexia and not the development or titre of viraemia. Generally, those animals with sensitive mouths, depression, coronitis, recumbency and reluctance to move were the most debilitated. Whole blood was the most reliable source of infectious virus from acutely and chronically infected and convalescent animals. However, tissue samples particularly spleen, collected from dead or killed animals suffering from either peracute or acute forms of disease were most appropriate for the rapid confirmation of a clinical diagnosis.     

Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Outbreak Investigation: Application of the FAO‐OIE‐WHO Four‐way Linking Framework in Indonesia

WHO, FAO and OIE developed a ‘four‐way linking’ framework to enhance the cross‐sectoral sharing of epidemiological and virological information in responding to zoonotic disease outbreaks. In Indonesia, outbreak response challenges include completeness of data shared between human and animal health authorities. The four‐way linking framework (human health laboratory/epidemiology and animal health laboratory/epidemiology) was applied in the investigation of the 193rd human case of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection. As recommended by the framework, outbreak investigation and risk assessment findings were shared. On 18 June 2013, a hospital in West Java Province reported a suspect H5N1 case in a 2‐year‐old male. The case was laboratory‐confirmed that evening, and the information was immediately shared with the Ministry of Agriculture. The human health epidemiology/laboratory team investigated the outbreak and conducted an initial risk assessment on 19 June. The likelihood of secondary cases was deemed low as none of the case contacts were sick. By 3 July, no secondary cases associated with the outbreak were identified. The animal health epidemiology/laboratory investigation was conducted on 19–25 June and found that a live bird market visited by the case was positive for H5N1 virus. Once both human and market virus isolates were sequenced, a second risk assessment was conducted jointly by the human health and animal health epidemiology/laboratory teams. This assessment concluded that the likelihood of additional human cases associated with this outbreak was low but that future sporadic human infections could not be ruled out because of challenges in controlling H5N1 virus contamination in markets. Findings from the outbreak investigation and risk assessments were shared with stakeholders at both Ministries. The four‐way linking framework clarified the type of data to be shared. Both human health and animal health teams made ample data available, and there was cooperation to achieve risk assessment objectives.     

单克隆抗体在植物病毒学中的应用

单克隆抗体是由杂交瘤细胞分泌的针对单一抗原决定簇的抗体。单克隆抗体在植物病毒学中的应用非常广泛，包括对植物病毒的检测、种下分类级别划分、抗原决定簇鉴定、非结构蛋白功能分析、体内病毒含量测定及病毒纯化等。     

Anticipating the species jump: surveillance for emerging viral threats

Zoonotic disease surveillance is typically triggered after animal pathogens have already infected humans. Are there ways to identify high‐risk viruses before they emerge in humans? If so, then how and where can identifications be made and by what methods? These were the fundamental questions driving a workshop to examine the future of predictive surveillance for viruses that might jump from animals to infect humans. Virologists, ecologists and computational biologists from academia, federal government and non‐governmental organizations discussed opportunities as well as obstacles to the prediction of species jumps using genetic and ecological data from viruses and their hosts, vectors and reservoirs. This workshop marked an important first step towards envisioning both scientific and organizational frameworks for this future capability. Canine parvoviruses as well as seasonal H3N2 and pandemic H1N1 influenza viruses are discussed as exemplars that suggest what to look for in anticipating species jumps. To answer the question of where to look, prospects for discovering emerging viruses among wildlife, bats, rodents, arthropod vectors and occupationally exposed humans are discussed. Finally, opportunities and obstacles are identified and accompanied by suggestions for how to look for species jumps. Taken together, these findings constitute the beginnings of a conceptual framework for achieving a virus surveillance capability that could predict future species jumps.     

微小RNA病毒的研究进展

微小RNA (miRNA)是小分子RNA家族中的一员,内源性非编码基因构成的21～23 nt单链小RNA分子,在生物进化过程中保持了高度的保守性,通常由Dicer酶从具有发夹二级结构的RNA前体加工而来,miRNA虽然微小,但它在真核生物发育和基因表达中通过与靶mRNA形成完全或不完全互补配对从而扮演着重要角色。2004年,发现了编码和表达miRNA的第一个病毒——埃博拉病毒（epstein barr virus,EBV）,最近,miRNA又从肉瘤相关疱疹病毒(kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus,KSHV) 和人巨细胞病毒（human cytomegalovirus,HCMV）中克隆到,此外,SV40 miRNA被认为负调控T抗原(large T antigen, T Ag)表达,作者对病毒编码的miRNA及miRNA在最近研究中的预测、表达和功能作一综述。     

小反刍兽疫研究进展

小反刍兽疫是一种急性高度接触性传染病,主要感染小反刍动物,具有高发病率和高死亡率等特点。给发生该病的国家,尤其是非洲、中东、近东和南亚等有牛瘟存在的大多数国家的外贸经济遭受了巨大的损失;而且,自该病首次发生以来,不断向全世界蔓延,对没有该病发生的国家,尤其是对与呈地方性流行国家的临近国家造成的威胁正逐渐加大,2007年我国首次在西藏发生。近年来,该病作为一种重大跨国动物疫病,对其研究取得了长足的发展,本文从病原学、流行病学、诊断和防制四个方面对该病的最新研究进展进行了阐述。     

我国植物病毒学的研究现状及发展策略

植物病毒病害数量占植物病害数据的第2位,植物病毒学是植物保护学科的重要分支学科。近年来我国植物病毒病害与防治的基础研究呈现快速发展的态势,国内有一支梯队结构合理的人才队伍。本文基于对植物病毒学科发展趋势、国内研究现状的分析,探讨了我国植物病毒学科领域未来5～10年的研究重点。     

Laboratory diagnosis of respiratory diseases of cattle

The authors describe the procedure of laboratory diagnosis for bovine respiratory diseases: direct diagnosis by isolation and for identification of bacteria or viruses and indirect diagnosis by serological methods. They specify the restraints and limits of this diagnosis and the significance results which are obtained and connected with knowledge of anamnestic information.