宽顶堰平板压差式量水闸过流规律

灌区水量的测量问题正日益受到关注。对于平原灌区，研究利用以淹没出流为主的工作闸门进行渠道量水具有现实意义。基于孔板式流量计的测流原理，提出一种平板压差式量水闸门。选择不同闸门开度e与闸门上游水深H组合，通过室内试验研究分析了闸孔淹没出流的相关测流规律，得出实用的流量系数经验公式。结果表明，该型闸门结构简单，取压方便，量水精度较高，集水位流量调控与测量为一体，适合应用于平原灌区。     

长武塬区降雨入渗特征

为了深入理解深厚黄土层的降雨入渗机制,在黄土高原塬区的长武试验站,应用TDR监测天然降雨下大型土柱土壤含水率的动态变化,并结合土柱底部出流量测定数据,分析天然降雨的入渗特征。结果表明:降雨对土壤含水率的影响主要集中在160 cm深度以上,且随深度增加而递减,至240 cm土层降雨峰值信息几近消失;湿润锋运移速率与降雨强度呈正相关关系,与土壤初始含水率成负相关关系,湿润锋运移深度同降雨量和降雨强度正相关;降雨对300 cm土壤水的补给行为普遍存在,入渗补给以活塞流方式为主;降雨入渗补给土壤水的滞后作用表现出对100～200 cm土壤水的补给滞后时间为15～18 d,对300 cm深度土壤水的补给滞后时间为30～45 d。研究结果对明确黄土塬区水循环机制具有一定参考意义。     

Effects of Supplementing a Basal Diet of Chloris gayana Hay with One of Three Protein-rich Legume Hays of Cassia rotundifolia,Lablab purpureus and Macroptilium atropurpureum Forage on Some Nutritional Parameters in Goats

Growth and digestibility experiments were conducted on growing East African type goats offered Chloris gayana hay supplemented with one of three high-protein (119–128 g CP/kg DM) legume hays, Cassia rotundifolia (cassia), Lablab purpureus (lablab) or Macroptilium atropurpureum (siratro), and crushed maize to investigate the feed intake, digestibility, growth and urinary excretion of purine derivatives. Goats in the supplemented groups had higher total dry matter and nitrogen intakes and higher N retention and body mass gains than unsupplemented counterparts. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fibre were increased by protein supplementation. Animals on supplemented diets had higher fractional outflow rates of particulate matter from the rumen. The production of protein by ruminal microbes and the efficiency of microbial N production were increased by supplementation. It was concluded that a mixture of low-quality grass hay (61.9 CP/kg DM) and either cassia, lablab or siratro hay, and maize grain can provide a productive balanced diet for growing goats.     

Experimental osteoarthritis in the rabbit. III. Acute osteoarthritis: subchondral P02 and oxygen consumption and diffusion capacity in the synovial membrane

The earliest sign of osteoarthritis is acute synovitis with joint effusion and elevated intraarticular pressure, which causes compression of the intracapsular vein segments draining the epiphyseal bone compartment. The increased outflow resistance may cause a fall in the regional blood flow and thereby lead to a state of tissue hypoxia. The acute osteoarthritis may also affect the transfer of oxygen to the cartilage across synovial membrane because of the extensive inflammation with hypercellularity and edema.In the present study we have investigated the subchondral P₀₂ and P_c02 in acute osteoarthritis. There was no significant difference between these gas tensions in the normal and osteoarthritic bone. We have also investigated the oxygen consumption and diffusion capacity in the synovial membrane. The latter was decreased by a factor of 4 in the osteoarthritic joints whilst the oxygen consumption was increased by a factor of 3.     

Squamous gastric ulceration complicated by gastric stenosis in a foal

A 2-month-old Warmblood colt presented with recurrent colic and regurgitation. Gastroscopy, performed on several occasions, and barium-contrast radiography revealed severe squamous gastric ulceration and stenosis at the level of the margo plicatus. Treatment with omeprazole reduced the extent and severity of the gastric ulcers but did not affect the stenosis. The foal was euthanised because of a poor prognosis, and post-mortem examination confirmed the clinical diagnosis. Severe squamous gastric ulceration, granulation tissue formation and cicatrisation of deep gastric lesions were considered to have caused the stenosis. Gastroduodenal outflow obstruction is a recognised disorder in foals, but stenosis at the level of the margo plicatus has not been reported in foals or adult horses. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case of severe squamous gastric ulceration, complicated by stenosis at the level of the margo plicatus, in a foal. Although rare, gastric stenosis should be considered in foals suffering recurrent colic and regurgitation.     

节水型建筑建设的探讨与研究

随着人口的增长和城市化进程的加快，水资源的供需矛盾日渐突出。我国是一个水资源短缺的国家，人均水资源拥有量约占世界平均值的1／4。文中通过分析现在我国建筑用水过程中存在的问题，提出了一些进行节水型建筑建设的有效措施。     

International Comparison of the Relationship between Outflow FDI and Economic Growth and Its Inspiration to China

International direct investment improved the world economic development greatly, and the level of capital transaction of a country indicates its degree of integration into world economy. In China, there exists a serious unbalance between outflow FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) and inflow FDI, and the former is of a extremely small scale. The relationship between outflow FDI and a country's economic development, as well as the relationship between outflow FDI and TFP (Total Factor Productivity) growth rate is analyzed with international comparison and econometrics model. The results show that a obvious positive correlation between outflow FDI and GNP exists, and outfolw FDI of a country improves its GNP growth a lot. Meanwhile, as to the contribution elasticity to TFP, outflwo FDI is much higher than international trade. It is revealed that China not only has necessities, but also has great potentialities to invest in foreign countries. Finally some suggestions are put forward.     

翼柱型量水槽水力特性分析与对比

【目的】为探究翼柱型量水槽在自由出流和淹没出流时的量水性能。【方法】试验观测10种流量条件下,量水槽进口到出口13个测流断面的水位,对自由出流和淹没出流两种工况下的水面线、佛汝德数、测流精度等水力参数进行分析与对比。【结果】自由出流状态下在断面11到断面12之间形成了临界流,流量在0.044 m3/s以下时没有产生临界流从而得到了U形渠道翼柱型量水槽的最小工作流量。翼柱型量水槽过槽流量与上游水深具有良好的相关关系,通过拟合得到了自由出流和淹没出流状态下的流量公式,其中自由出流状态下最大误差为-2.54%,淹没出流下为6.50%,二者平均误差均小于0.3%,满足现行渠道量水规范的误差要求。本文拟合的淹没出流流量公式最大淹没度高达0.958,适用范围较大。此外,U形渠道翼柱型量水槽具有较大的自由出流范围,临界淹没度可达0.890。【结论】经试验确定临界流断面位于距进口约为量水槽4倍翼高处。翼柱型量水槽可满足小比降既成渠道的测流要求,进一步解决了量水槽流量公式在淹没出流情况下测流误差较大的问题。     

基于悬垂平板偏转角的明渠流量估算模型及验证

针对平板量水设施缺乏适用性广泛的流量计算模型,该文从2个角度提出流量估算模型,首先分析绕轴自由旋转薄平板在水中的受力,根据升力简化为竖直方向静水压力设想,提出压力体计算假设,根据动量定理与力矩平衡公式得到了流量、角度、水深三者的理论关系式,通过U型和矩形渠道进行试验,验证假设合理性;根据闸孔出流流量公式针对矩形渠道建立闸孔出流半径验计算模型,拟合得出半径验流量公式。对于第1种模型,对于U型渠道,2种压力体假设均适用于流量计算,除流量小于10 L/s时,相对误差超过10%,其他均小于10%,流量大于17 L/s时误差均在5%左右;对于矩形渠道,仅假设1适用流量计算,假设2不成立,应用假设1计算压力体时,当流量较小(10 L/s左右)时的个别工况误差会偏大,大部分工况下计算误差均小于10%;对于闸孔出流计算模型,计算流量与实测流量之间最大误差不超过18%,大部分工况下计算误差在10%以下。当悬垂薄平板与明渠横断面等大时,来流量与偏转角度存在单值对应关系,角度随着来流量的增大而增大;同一流量下,板前后水深比、板前与下游水深比分别与偏转角度呈现出单独的函数关系,板前后水深比、板前与下游水深比随着平板偏转角度的增大而减小,但减小幅度变缓。对于不同流量,板前后水深比、板前与下游水深比随着角度增大而增大,但增大幅度变缓。研究可为灌区量水设施设计及应用提供新思路。     

家庭资本禀赋与劳动力外流对牧民养殖技术需求的影响——基于西藏885户肉羊养殖户的入户调查

为探究家庭禀赋与外出务工因素对牧民养殖技术需求的影响,依据西藏那曲地区和日喀则市885份入户调查数据,利用有序Logit模型方法,对牧民养殖技术需求现状及影响因素进行研究。结果表明:牧民技术需求整体偏低,副产品粗加工技术需求稍高。家庭收入水平越高、肉羊养殖收入比重越大、与村民家相处越好、外出务工人次越多、养殖技术认知越高的牧民家庭对肉羊养殖技术需求越高,而是否信仰宗教与养殖技术需求不显著。因而副产品粗加工技术应成为政府技术推广的切入点,拓展务工渠道、加强养殖技术宣传与培训、规范草地流转促进适度规模经营可以在提高肉羊养殖效率的同时促进草原畜牧业可持续发展。