动物鲜味受体的研究进展及其基因表达调控

动物的鲜味受体包括代谢型谷氨酸受体(m GluR)和味觉受体异源二聚体(T1R1/T1R3),是C型G蛋白偶联受体,N末端捕蝇草模块(VFT)区域可与鲜味配体结合,识别鲜味。本文主要论述了鲜味受体的研究进展、鲜味识别转导机制及鲜味受体基因的表达调控等,以期为相关研究提供参考。     

Isolation of chicken taste buds for real‐time Ca2+ imaging

We isolated chicken taste buds and used a real‐time Ca²⁺ imaging technique to investigate the functions of the taste cells. With RT‐PCR, we found that isolated chicken taste bud‐like cell subsets express chicken gustducin messenger RNA. Immunocytochemical techniques revealed that the cell subsets were also immunopositive for chicken gustducin. These results provided strong evidence that the isolated cell subsets contain chicken taste buds. The isolated cell subsets were spindle‐shaped and approximately 61–75 μm wide and 88–98 μm long, and these characteristics are similar to those of sectional chicken taste buds. Using Ca²⁺ imaging, we observed the buds' response to 2 mmol/L quinine hydrochloride (a bitter substance) and their response to a mixture of 25 mmol/L L‐glutamic acid monopotassium salt monohydrate and 1 mmol/L inosine 5′‐monophosphate disodium salt, umami substances. The present study is the first morphological demonstration of isolated chicken taste buds, and our results indicate that the isolated taste buds were intact and functional approaches for examining the taste senses of the chicken using Ca²⁺ imaging can be informative.     

肌苷酸的鲜味评价试验

试验对肌苷酸(IMP)及其与谷氨酸钠(MSG)的协同鲜味呈味作用进行了感官验证。试验结果表明,IMP的鲜味呈味作用显著,肉品IMP含量的差异会对肉品总体风味产生一定作用,作用大小与IMP和MSG等其它风味物的协同作用有关。     

鲜味剂对猪味觉的调控及其机理

动物的采食量在实际生产中起着重要的作用。因仔猪对鲜味的偏爱,所以常在仔猪饲料中添加鲜味剂以提高仔猪的采食量。鲜味剂提高仔猪采食量的主要途径是通过刺激其味觉,从而促进口腔和胃肠道中的激素等分泌,以增加其对饲料的采食。本文从鲜味剂对猪味觉的调控进行阐述,旨在为鲜味剂在仔猪饲料中的应用提供理论依据。     

鲜味及茶叶鲜味研究

甜味、苦味、咸味和酸味是人体味觉的四大基本味,除此之外,还有第五种基本味—鲜味。它是许多食品中很常见的一种风味,如鱼、肉、蘑菇、干酪、西红柿等,且对这些食品的特征滋味有很大的贡献。鲜味也是茶叶滋味中一种重要的风味,现已备受关注,并有一定的发展规模。本文主要概述鲜味生理及茶叶中的鲜味物质。     

Comparison of biological indicators and umami‐related compounds in the gonad and abdomen meats of Eriocheir sinensis during different fattening periods under salinity

Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) were collected after different periods of fattening under salinity (9‰): 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 d, corresponding to the original phase (OP), initial phase (IP), middle phase (MP), late phase (LP) and final phase (FP) respectively. Biological indicators, proximate composition, free amino acids and flavour nucleotides were determined. The results show that the gonadosomatic index was increased for both genders during fattening, and the higher content of crude protein and lipid was found in IP and MP. The content of free amino acids and umami intensity were significantly higher in most edible tissues than in the overall samples. The contents of flavour nucleotides first increased with fattening time and then decreased in the later phases. However, in female crabs, the content of 5’‐inosine monophosphate increased significantly in LP and FP compared with other phases. The findings indicate that fattening under salinity can increase gonadal index and umami intensity in E. sinensis.     

不同体质量鲢肌肉中主要滋味物质的研究

以1.0～3.0 kg/尾的鲢为材料,通过滋味活性值(taste active value,TAV)和味精当量(equivalent umami concentration,EUC)2种滋味表征方法,研究加热对不同体质量鲢肌肉的游离氨基酸和核苷酸的影响.结果表明:不同体质量鲢肌肉游离氨基酸以牛磺酸(Tau)、组氨酸(His)、甘氨酸(Gly)为主,加热导致鲢肌肉中游离氨基酸含量降低.鲢肌肉中组氨酸(His)贡献的苦味明显,谷氨酸(Glu)对鲜味有所贡献,甘氨酸(Gly)和丙氨酸(Ala)对甜味有所贡献.不同体质量鲢肌肉中的核苷酸类物质以肌苷酸(IMP)和肌苷(HxR)为主,加热对鲢肌肉中核苷酸类物质含量影响显著.加热导致鲢肌肉中肌苷酸(IMP)和一磷酸腺苷(AMP)的TAV均有所下降,而次黄嘌呤(Hx)的TAV有所上升,但对鲜味贡献明显的仍是IMP.熟鲢肌肉的EUC随着体质量的增加,呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在2.0kg时达到最大为31.57 g MSG/100 g.     

酵母抽提物主要滋味成分分析及其对鱼糜制品风味的影响

以4种酵母抽提物(KA66、FA28、KU012、FA01)为原料,通过分析其金属离子、游离氨基酸、总氨基酸和核苷酸的组成,以滋味活度值(TAV)和味精当量(EUC)为指标分别评价各滋味成分对酵母抽提物滋味的贡献程度和鲜味物质间的协同增鲜作用;并将其加入到鱼糜制品中,通过感官评价和电子鼻分析探究其对鱼糜制品风味的影响。结果表明,酵母抽提物KU012中谷氨酸、丙氨酸、5′-IMP、5′-GMP等滋味物质含量最高,TAV值最大,而FA01中丙氨酸、5′-IMP、5′-GMP含量最低,TAV值最小;FA28中总氨基酸含量最高,谷氨酸含量最高;KU012的EUC值最高,1g KU012产生的鲜味强度相当于125.22g单一味精(MSG)所产生的鲜味强度,为125.22gMSG/g;感官结果表明,酵母抽提物可显著改善鱼糜制品的滋味,对腥味也有一定掩蔽作用,KU012感官评分最高;电子鼻的结果表明,加入不同的酵母抽提物后,鱼糜制品的挥发性成分区别较大。     

冷藏和热加工对鲢肌肉主要滋味活性物质的影响

以鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)为原料,通过滋味活性值(taste active value,TAV)和味精当量(equivalent umami concentration,EUC)2种滋味表征方法,研究冷藏和热加工对鲢肌肉中滋味活性物质的影响。结果表明:鲢肌肉中主要滋味活性物质是谷氨酸(Glu)、组氨酸(His)、肌苷酸(IMP)、钾和钠。在5℃冷藏过程中,IMP含量迅速下降,次黄嘌呤(hypoxanthine,Hx)和Glu含量增加,His、K、Na含量基本不变。新鲜鲢肌肉在100℃加热30min后,IMP含量迅速降低,而其他滋味活性物质含量的变化相对较小。鲜味氨基酸和核苷酸及其降解产物的协同作用对加热后的鲢肌肉的鲜味贡献非常显著,EUC达到0.4g MSG/100g。冷藏不同时间后再加热,鲜味活性物质对鲢肌肉的鲜味贡献程度在冷藏3d内较缓慢下降,在第5天急剧下降。苦味活性物质对加热后的鲢肌肉的苦味贡献程度随冷藏时间延长逐渐上升。     

Effects of Conservation Method and Time on Fatty Acid Composition,Taste, and Microstructure of Southern King Crab (Lithodes santolla Molina, 1782) Meat

This study reports the changes in fatty acids, taste, and microstructure of cooked southern king crab meat (Lithodes santolla) during storage at 0°C for 10 days and at ?20°C for 90 days. At the end of both storage times, the iodine value decreased by 16.5%, while 83.5% of the initial fatty acid quality remained unchanged. The polyene ratio decreased by 32% at 0°C and 35.9% at ?20°C, whereas the atherogenic and thrombotic indices remained at values that do not represent any risk to human health. Free amino acids that contribute to taste (taste activity value, TAV > 1) were: glycine and alanine (sweetness), arginine (bittersweetness), and histidine (bitterness). The bittersweet taste imparted by arginine (initial TAV = 16.4) was prevalent even at the end of frozen storage (TAV = 7.9). The umami taste was elicited by disodium 5′-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) nucleotide. The equivalent umami concentration in g MSG/100 g meat changed from 0.031 to 0.045 in refrigerated samples and to 1.6 in frozen samples. A loss of the original fibrous structure of the meat was evidenced during both treatments. Refrigerated samples presented a disintegrated and homogeneous texture at 10 days, while freezing formed a spongy tissue at 90 days.