Hyperglycaemia in transition dairy cows: Effects of lactational stage and conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on glucose metabolism and turnover

Supplementing conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) is supposed to spare glucose due to the milk fat‐depressing effect of the trans ‐10, cis ‐12 CLA isomer, and allows repartitioning nutrients despite an energy deficiency in early lactation. However, there is still a lack of knowledge in terms of the dynamic pattern of the glucose turnover in transition dairy cows. We hypothesized that dairy cows supplemented with CLA have an altered rate of glucose turnover and insulin sensitivity during early lactation. We conducted three consecutive hyperglycaemic clamps (HGC ) in weeks ?2, +2 and +4 relative to parturition in Holstein cows supplemented daily either with 70 g of lipid‐encapsulated CLA (6.8 g trans ‐10, cis ‐12 and 6.6 g of the cis ‐9, trans ‐11 CLA isomer; CLA ; n  = 11) or with 56 g of control fat ( CON ; n  = 11). From week ?3 up to week +4 relative to parturition, milk yield and dry matter intake (DMI ) were recorded daily, while body weight (BW ) and milk composition were obtained once weekly. Blood samples were taken once weekly and every 30 min during the HGC . Plasma was analysed for concentrations of glucose, fatty acids (FFA ), beta‐hydroxybutyrate (BHB ), insulin, triglycerides and cholesterol. The CLA supplementation did not affect performance and metabolic parameters except for BHB and cholesterol. Furthermore, insulin concentrations and insulin sensitivity were affected by treatment. During the HGC in early lactation, insulin response was lower and decrease in FFA and BHB greater compared with the HGC in week ?2 although glucose target concentration achieved during the steady‐state period was similar for all three HGC . Our findings in terms of insulin and cholesterol suggest that body reserves are preserved through CLA feeding without restraining animal's performance. Furthermore, CLA effects on cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations indicated beneficial effects on hepatic lipid export contributing to an improved efficiency of prevailing metabolites in circulation.     

Oxygen isotope ratios of plant available phosphate in lowland tropical forest soils

Phosphorus (P) cycles rapidly in lowland tropical forest soils, but the process have been proven difficult to quantify. Recently it was demonstrated that valuable data on soil P transformations can be derived from the natural abundance of stable oxygen isotopes in phosphate (δ¹⁸O_P). Here, we measured the δ¹⁸O_P of soils that had received long-term nutrient additions (P, nitrogen, and potassium) or litter manipulations in lowland tropical forest in Panama and performed controlled incubations of fresh soils amended with a single pulse of P. To detect whether δ¹⁸O_P values measured in the incubations apply also for soils in the field, we examined the δ¹⁸O_P values after rewetting dry soils. In the incubations, resin-P δ¹⁸O_P values converged to ∼3.5‰ above the expected isotopic equilibrium with soil water. This contrasts with extra-tropical soils in which the δ¹⁸O_P of resin-P matches the expected equilibrium with soil water. Identical above-equilibrium resin-P δ¹⁸O_P values were also found in field soils that did not receive P additions or extra litter. We suggest that the 3.5‰ above-equilibrium δ¹⁸O_P values reflect a steady state between microbial uptake of phosphate (which enriches the remaining phosphate with the heavier isotopologues) and the release of isotopically equilibrated cell internal phosphate back to the soil. We also found that soil nutrient status affected the microbial turnover rate because in soils that had received chronic P addition, the original δ¹⁸O_P signature of the fertilizer was preserved for at least eight weeks, indicating that the off-equilibrium δ¹⁸O_P values produced during microbial phosphate turnover was not imprinted in these soils. Overall, our results demonstrate that ongoing microbial turnover of phosphate mediates its biological availability in lowland tropical soils.     

春大豆鼓粒期冠层翻叶原因及翻叶对叶片净光合速率和粒重的影响

为明确春大豆鼓粒期冠层翻叶原因及翻叶对粒重的影响。在大田条件下,以28份大豆品种为材料,采用随机区组试验设计,研究了鼓粒初期植株顶部4片叶的单叶面积、比叶重、叶型指数、叶片含水量与翻叶率的关系;比较了翻叶与对照叶片的净光合速率、百粒重及粒重的差异。结果表明,不同大豆品种间翻叶率在0~26.5%之间,且差异显著,其中以‘中黄313’、‘中黄42’和‘中黄13’最高;单叶面积在46~151 cm²之间,其中以‘中黄39’、‘中黄42’和‘中黄13’最大;比叶重在0.536~1.64 mg/cm²之间,其中以‘中黄322’、‘中黄313’和‘中黄13’最低;叶型指数在1.35~3.51之间,其中以‘中黄70’、‘中黄80’和‘中黄42’最低。供试大豆品种分为3个类群,第I类群品种单叶面积小,比叶重高,叶型指数大,翻叶率为1.03%;第III类群品种单叶面积大,比叶重小,翻叶率高达19.7%;第II类群共4个品种,单叶面积、比叶重、叶型指数、翻叶率介于第I类和第III类群之间。翻叶后显著降低叶片净光合速率,平均降幅31.7%,粒数较多的‘新大豆27号’百粒重降低10.38%~22.4%,而粒数少的‘吉育60’粒重没有降低。大豆上层叶片单叶面积大、比叶重小及叶型指数低的叶片翻叶率高,翻叶降低叶片净光合速率,进而降低同节位百粒重及单节粒重,不利于大豆高产。     

不同氮磷水平下不同土层中紫花苜蓿细根周转特征

为探讨不同氮磷配施条件下紫花苜蓿细根周转及不同土层分布动态特征,分析苜蓿细根周转各指标之间的关系。采用双因素随机区组设计进行田间试验,设置4个施磷水平[0(P₀)、50(P₁)、100(P₂)和150 kg·hm^-2(P₃)]和两个氮水平[0(N₀)和120 kg·hm^-2(N₁)],共计8个处理,通过微根管根系监测0～60 cm的土层细根周转特征。结果表明:在相同施氮条件下,随着施磷量的增加,紫花苜蓿细根总现存量、细根表面积密度、细根生产量和死亡量呈先增加后降低的趋势,在P₂条件下达到最大值,且P₁、P₂处理显著大于P₀处理(P<0.05),在相同施磷条件下,N₁处理显著大于N₀处理。在不同土层中,在相同施氮条件下,随着施磷量的增加,苜蓿细根现存量在0～30 cm土层中呈先增...     

秸秆还田下氮肥运筹对白土田水稻产量和氮吸收利用的影响

【目的】研究小麦秸秆直接还田条件下不同氮肥基追比例运筹方式对白土稻田水稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响, 为华中低产白土稻田水稻合理施肥提供科学依据。【方法】设置2种小麦秸秆还田量(0和3000 kg/hm2)及3种氮肥基肥-分蘖肥-穗肥施用比例(80-0-20、 60-20-20 和40-30-30)和不施氮的对照, 共7个处理, 分别为N80-0-20、 N60-20-20、 N40-30-30、 N80-0-20+S、 N60-20-20+S、 N40-30-30+S和CK。水稻收获期采集代表性样品考察水稻产量结构性状, 同时测定水稻籽粒和秸秆产量, 分析籽粒和秸秆氮素含量, 计算水稻氮素吸收量和氮肥利用效率。【结果】基肥-分蘖肥-穗肥施用比例60-20-20的处理水稻籽粒产量最高, 两年试验较不施分蘖肥的对照分别增产9.4%~12.9%和7.4%~8.9%。实施小麦秸秆直接还田后, 水稻籽粒产量较不施秸秆的对照分别提高10.2%~23.4%和0.8%~5.5%。不施秸秆条件下, 基-蘖-穗肥施用比例60-20-20的处理水稻籽粒含氮量最高, 较不施氮的对照提高11.3%, 而秸秆含N量随中后期追肥比例的加大而提高。秸秆还田条件下, 氮肥后移能明显提高水稻籽粒和秸秆含氮量。水稻籽粒氮素吸收量, 基-蘖-穗肥比例60-20-20处理最多, 2011年较对照N80-0-20分别增加13.7%和24.8%, 2012年提高14.5%和9.2%; 秸秆氮素积累量则随中后期追肥用量的增加而增多, 基-蘖-穗肥比例40-30-30处理最多。不施秸秆条件下, 基-蘖-穗肥比例60-20-20的处理氮素干物质生产效率、 氮素稻谷生产效率、 氮收获指数均最高, 百公斤籽粒吸氮量最低。秸秆还田条件下, 氮素干物质生产效率和氮素稻谷生产效率均随中后期追肥量的增加而下降, 而百公斤籽粒吸氮量则最高。氮素农学效率、 氮肥回收利用率和偏生产力也是60-20-20比例的处理最高, 较对照N80-0-20农学效率分别提高4.90和2.44 kg籽粒/kg N, 氮肥利用率提高7.82和21.29个百分点, 偏生产力提高4.90和2.44个百分点。【结论】综合水稻产量、 氮素吸收量以及氮肥利用效率, 安徽省江淮丘陵低产白土地区, 小麦秸秆直接还田条件下, 单季中稻氮肥的基肥-分蘖肥-穗肥施用比例, 以60-20-20运筹方式较为适宜。     

土壤氮矿化-固持周转(MIT)研究进展

土壤氮矿化-固持周转(MIT)过程与土壤供氮力及氮素损失间存在密切关系。本文概述了近年来MIT过程的研究方法及其相应的模型;对土壤温度、土壤水分、土壤理化性质、植物生长状况以及有机、无机肥的施用等影响MIT过程的主要因素进行了较详尽地阐述,并展望了今后主要的研究方向。     

Developments in soil microbiology since the mid 1960s

Since the 1960s, soil microbiology underwent major changes in methods and approaches and this review focuses on the developments in some selected aspects of soil microbiology. Research in cell numbers of specific bacterial and fungal groups was replaced by a focus on biochemical processes including soil enzyme activities, and flux measurements of carbon and nutrients. Ecologists focused on soil microbial pools whereas soil microbial biomass as an important source and sink of nutrients were recognized in agriculture. Soil microbiologists started to use structural components like phospholipid fatty acids for quantification of specific microbial groups without the need to cultivate them. In the last decade, molecular approaches allowed new insights through the analysis of soil extract DNA showing an unexpected diversity of genomes in soil. At the end of the review a brief outlook is given on the future of soil microbiology which ranges from in situ identification of bacteria, to routine assays of microbial communities by microarray technology.     

不同土地利用方式对土壤微生物生物量碳的影响

研究了长期定位试验不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物生物量碳的变化,结果表明:裸地处理的微生物生物量碳最低;不施肥种植作物(CK)或施肥种植作物(NPK)能显著提高土壤微生物量碳含量;NPK配合猪厩肥处理的微生物体碳含量显著高于CK和NPK处理;荒地处理由于返回的植物残体量很大,积累的有机物很多,所以其微生物量碳最大;其次为割草处理和林地处理。有机质含量高的土壤其土壤微生物量也高,土壤微生物碳的周转强度也大,周转时间短,周转速率为:荒地>割草>林地>NPK+C>NPK>CK>裸地。     

不同饲喂条件下山羊瘤胃液容积和流速的测定

在冬季精料加干草日粮和夏季有刈饲养条件下对山羊瘤胃液容积和流出速率进行了测定并对测定方法的可靠性进行了探讨。结果表明，ＰＥＧ浓度在０．１２４ｍｇ～０．７４３ｍｇ／１０ｍｌ之间，显浊后静置３０ｍｉｎ，用７２１分光光度计４２０ｍｍ处比浊，可取得可靠的结果。日粮和季节不同未对山羊瘤胃液容积和流出速率产生显著影响。