Stable resistance against the leaf miner <Emphasis Type="Italic">Leucoptera coffeella</Emphasis> expressed by genetically transformed <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coffea canephora</Emphasis> in a pluriannual field experiment in French Guiana

Summary A pluriannual field trial of transgenic clones of Coffea canephora (the Robusta coffee tree) transformed for resistance to the lepidopteran coffee leaf miner Leucoptera coffeella was installed in French Guiana. Fifty-eight transformed clones produced by transformation of the C. canephora clone 126 were planted. They were harbouring the pEF1α constitutive promoter of Arabidopsis thaliana controlling either the Bacillus thuringiensis native gene for the cry1Ac insecticidal protein (eight clones) or a synthetic cry1Ac gene (53 clones). The vectors for the transformation were a strain of the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens and one of Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The transformed clones were generally independent, presenting different integration patterns of the genetic construct. Four randomly distributed groups of five plants per transformed clone were planted along with 60 untransformed control trees. Over a 4-year period after plantation six releases of L. coffeella were performed. Mines on the leaves are the marks of larvae development and were counted on plants. A majority of the independent transformed clones harbouring the synthetic gene and transformed by the strain of A. tumefaciens displayed constantly much less mines than the control, therefore expressing a stable resistance. The need for complementary research is presented.     

不同精子处理对应用ICSI—Tr技术生产转基因水牛胚胎效率的影响

本文主要探讨了不同精子处理对应用显微授精介导（intracytoplasmic sperm injection-mediatedtrans-genesis,ICSI-Tr）生产转基因水牛胚胎效率的影响。本试验以p18T—BCN5．2-IFN-1．1pA—EGFP为载体,比较了精子的不同处理方式（NaOH和冻融）、NaOH处理精子不同时间（5min,10min,20min,30min和60minl以及不同外源DNA浓度（5ng／μL,10ng／μL,25ng／μL和50ng／μL）对ICSI-Tr转基因效率的影响。结果显示：NaOH处理组的囊胚EGFP表达率（46．1％）,与冻融精子处理组（47．1％1差异不显著,但发育率显著高于冻融处理精子组（28．3％VS16．7％,P〈0．05）。处理60min组和30min组的分裂率分别为78．9％和77．5％,显著高于20min、10min和5min组的64．0％、60．0％和64．0％（P〈0．05）,其中30min处理组的囊胚EGFP表达率高达44．4％,显著高于其它处理组（P〈0．05）。25ng／μL组和50ng／μL组的早期胚胎EGFP表达效率差异不显著（41．3％VS42．5％）,但显著高于5ng／肚组和10ng／μL组（22．5％和35．5％）,25ng／μL组的囊胚EGFP表达效率显著高于其它组（P〈0．05）。本研究优化了应用ICSI-Tr生产转基因水牛胚胎技术体系,为获得ICSI-Tr转基因水牛奠定了良好的工作基础。     

Role of genetically engineered animals in future food production

Genetically engineered (GE) animals are likely to have an important role in the future in meeting the food demand of a burgeoning global population. There have already been many notable achievements using this technology in livestock, poultry and aquatic species. In particular, the use of RNA interference (RNAi) to produce virus‐resistant animals is a rapidly‐developing area of research. However, despite the promise of this technology, very few GE animals have been commercialised. This review aims to provide information so that veterinarians and animal health scientists are better able to participate in the debate on GE animals.     

Development of avian embryo manipulation techniques and their application to germ cell manipulation

The development of chicken embryo culture techniques, from single‐cell stage to hatching, makes it possible to manipulate developing embryos at any developmental stage. Production of germline chimeric chickens by the transfer of stage X blastodermal cells or primordial germ cells enables the manipulation of germline cells in vitro. Production of transgenic chickens has been attempted by the retroviral vector method, microinjection of DNA into a fertilized ovum at the single‐cell stage, use of chimeric intermediates produced by the transfer of stage X blastodermal cells or primordial germ cells, manipulation of spermatozoa, and in vivo manipulation of gonads. So far, the only non‐viral method that has successfully produced transgenic chickens is microinjection of DNA into a fertilized ovum. Manipulation of primordial germ cells could become an efficient system for producing transgenic chickens by combining it with the highly efficient transfection method or the in vitro culture system for primordial germ cells. Preservation of avian genetic resources has now become possible by cryopreservation of stage X blastodermal cells or primordial germ cells as well as spermatozoa. The development of nuclear transfer techniques for avian species is necessary.     

基因枪转化技术在动物转基因中应用的研究进展

基因枪转化技术无论在动物还是植物方面都产生了巨大的影响,因粒子介导的转基因方法简单、安全、高效,而越来越被人们所重视。研究结果表明,该转化技术不仅能够用于组织、细胞、器官,甚至可用于一些较难转染的靶目标,同时还可用于体内和体外信息的转换。目前手提式基因枪已广泛应用于皮肤、组织、各种细胞或内脏器官的转染,应用最广的领域是基因治疗,主要包括基因免疫和抑制肿瘤生长。近几年,基因枪技术发展迅速,应用范围越来越广,已经取得了丰硕的成果。作者主要叙述了基因枪转化的基本原理及近年来人们对基因枪转化技术条件的改进,同时就基因枪在动物转基因中的应用和一些主要的研究成果作了阐述,主要包括利用基因枪基因免疫、基因治疗、自杀基因治疗癌症、胚胎转基因、各种动物细胞和器官组织转基因等,并对基因枪技术在动物上应用的优势和不足进行了一些分析,最后展望了基因枪转化技术在动物中的应用前景。     

草鱼呼肠孤病毒衣壳蛋白靶向灭活转基因P0的构建

为探索草鱼出血病防治新技术,实验采用衣壳蛋白靶向灭活(capsid-targeted viral inactivation,CTVI)策略,利用Tgf2转座子元件,构建了带爪蟾EF1α或鲤热休克蛋白70两种不同启动子的CTVI转基因质粒p Tgf2-EF1α-VP3-SN或p Tgf2-Hsp70-VP3-SN。该2种质粒均包含GCRV衣壳蛋白VP3与金黄色葡萄球菌核酸酶(Staphylococcus aureus nuclease,SN)融合表达阅读框。通过将2种CTVI转基因质粒与体外合成的Tgf2转座酶5'加帽mRNA共同显微注射入草鱼1~2细胞期受精卵,获得了带2种不同启动子的CTVI转基因草鱼群体。PCR和测序结果显示,2种转基因阳性草鱼基因组中均含有外源GCRV衣壳蛋白VP3与SN基因片段,阳性率分别为40.2%和37.0%,表明Tgf2转座子已成功介导CTVI融合表达基因整合到草鱼基因组中。本实验共获得了120尾P0CTVI转基因个体,为将来构建抗出血病草鱼新品系奠定了基础材料。     

应用ICSI技术生产转基因水牛胚胎的初步研究

本研究旨在探讨水牛精子完整质膜和破损质膜的方法对水牛单精子注射(ICSI)技术转基因效果的影响。水牛精子经冻融、Triton×-100、超声波3种方法破损精子质膜后与外源质粒DNA混合,采用ICSI的方法将基因转染后的精子注射到水牛体外成熟卵内,观察水牛ICSI卵激活后的发育状态和外源基因的表达效果。结果表明:精子质膜完整性实验中,冻融破损精子质膜组早期胚胎基因表达率为21.8%,显著高于活精子组的5.1%(P<0.01);冻融组与活精子组的卵裂率、囊胚发育率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。以冻融、Triton×-100、超声波3种方法破损精子质膜,冻融组的囊胚发育率(16.7%)最高,显著高于Triton×-100组(P<0.01)。同时,冻融组的早期胚胎基因表达率亦显著高于Triton×-100组和超声断尾组(60.3%vs.31.7%vs.18.2%,P<0.01)。上述结果说明,使用ICSI技术转外源基因可获得表达EGFP基因的水牛早期胚胎;冻融精子质膜破损法能有效破损精子质膜,有利于外源DNA与精子的结合,且提高转基因效率。     

哺乳动物体细胞克隆技术应用的研究进展

哺乳动物体细胞克隆技术是一项高新的生物技术,这一技术不仅为许多学科发展带来了机遇,它的应用将给畜牧业生产、转基因动物和医学带来了革命性的变化。作者就这几个方面的应用做一简要综述。     

Liposome-mediated uptake of exogenous DNA by equine spermatozoa and applications in sperm-mediated gene transfer

REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Sperm-mediated gene transfer has been reported as a method for production of transgenic animals in a variety of species, and this technique represents a possible method for production of transgenic equids. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the uptake of exogenous DNA (enhanced green fluorescent protein; pEGFP) by equine spermatozoa and to assess the ability of transfected spermatozoa to introduce this transgene into early equine embryos. METHODS: To evaluate incorporation of pEGFP into equine spermatozoa, washed spermatozoa were incubated with 32P-pEGFP, with or without lipofection. Spermatozoa were also transfected with fluorescently-labelled DNA (Alexa647-pEGFP) and changes in sperm viability and DNA uptake were assessed. Mares were inseminated with pEGFP-transfected spermatozoa and embryos recovered. Expression of pEGFP was assessed by epifluorescence microscopy of embryos, and the presence of pEGFP DNA and mRNA was assessed by PCR and RT-PCR, respectively. RESULTS: Liposome-mediated transfection increased the incorporation of 32P-pEGFP into spermatozoa compared to controls. Flow cytometric evaluation of spermatozoa after transfection with Alexa647-pEGFP revealed a linear increase in the proportion of live, Alexa647+ spermatozoa with increasing DNA concentrations. After insemination with transfected spermatozoa, 8 embryos were recovered. There was no evidence of EGFP expression in the recovered embryos; however, PCR analysis revealed evidence of the pEGFP transgene in 2 of 5 embryos analysed. CONCLUSIONS: The incorporation of exogenous DNA by equine spermatozoa was enhanced by liposome-mediated transfection and this did not adversely affect sperm viability, acrosomal integrity or fertility. Although the EGFP transgene was detected in a proportion of Day 7-10 embryos, there was no evidence of expression of EGFP in these embryos. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Sperm-mediated gene transfer offers a potential technique for the generation of transgenic equids.     

Tgf2转座系统在转RFP基因斑马鱼上的应用

提高目的基因的转植效率与可遗传效率是转基因鱼研制的关键点之一。本研究利用近年开发的金鱼转座子系统进行转基因斑马鱼的研制,探讨其在转基因鱼上应用的可行性。通过PCR方法,改造Tgf2转座子供体质粒pTgf2-EF1α-eGFP,将肌球蛋白轻链2启动子(mylz2)与红色荧光蛋白基因(RFP)定向插入其中,构建可在肌肉组织特异性表达红色荧光蛋白的Tgf2转座子供体质粒pTgf2-Mylz2-RFP。通过显微注射,将Tgf2转座子供体质粒与Tgf2转座酶mRNA共注射于斑马鱼(Danio ririo)受精卵中,共注射受精卵972粒,出膜后存活的仔鱼803尾,其中携带外源基因的仔鱼为615尾,阳性率为76.6%。转红色荧光蛋白基因斑马鱼首代F0培育至性成熟,将其中的10尾F0斑马鱼分别与野生型斑马鱼进行配对繁殖,其中1个组合产生了体表呈现均匀红色荧光的F1个体,因此RFP在F0的整合率为10%。将红色荧光F1个体培育至性成熟并与野生型鱼配对繁殖,F2的阳性个体占69%。本研究结果说明,由Tgf2转座子介导的转基因技术,可有效提高目的基因的转植效率与整合效率,在转基因鱼构建以及相关研究中具有开发应用前景。