The colonization processes of Myrtus communis by strains of Pseudomonas savastanoi with a differential ability to produce phytohormones

The ability to produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) through the indole-3-acetamide (IAM) pathway as well as cytokinins is a common trait of Pseudomonas savastanoi populations causing disease on oleander and olive. These phytohormones are required for the induction and development of an outgrowth of plant cell tissue termed a knot. However, in myrtle orchards of Sardinia (Italy), strains of P. savastanoi unable to produce cytokinins were found coexisting with cytokinin-producing strains. Data presented here show that the ability to produce IAA through the IAM pathway is also a variable trait within this population, raising questions on the exact role of these plant growth substances in the disease process on myrtle. Three P. savastanoi strains were selected based on their differential ability to produce phytohormones in vitro, and their interaction with the host was investigated over a period of 8 months using histological methods. All strains successfully invaded the infected twigs, moving systemically (unhalted by host defences) upward and downward from the inoculation point, both by completely degrading the cell walls and by taking advantage of the xylem vessels and intercellular spaces. Moreover, all strains induced the development of cankers, which slowly evolved into typical knots only on the twigs inoculated with the phytohormone-producing strains. This study further demonstrates that cytokinins and IAA are essential for knot development; moreover, it ascertains that bacterial production of cytokinins is not necessary for host colonization and for the expression of pathogenicity (i.e. the ability to cause disease) of P. savastanoi on myrtle.     

高寒草甸嵩草、珠芽蓼根际优良植物根际促生菌的分离筛选及促生特性研究

为从高寒草甸优势牧草(蒿草、珠芽蓼)根际筛选具有优良促生特性的植物根际促生菌(PGPR),探寻其根际分布规律,并为后期生产应用提供支撑。采用选择性培养基法筛选根表土(RS)、根表面(RP)和根内(HP)细菌,用点接种法在选择培养基(Pikovaskaia's 培养基、蒙金娜、无氮培养基)中复筛具溶磷、固氮特性菌株;采用钼蓝比色法、气相色谱法和高效液相色谱法分别测定菌株溶磷量、固氮酶活性和分泌植物激素[PHs:吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉素(GA₃)、反式玉米素(t-Z)]含量。结果表明:共筛出细菌68株,复筛出溶磷固氮PGPR 43株;其中,溶解无机磷菌17株(溶磷量:9.39~94.79 μg·mL^-1),溶解有机磷菌22株(溶磷量:10.37~72.82 μg·mL^-1),固氮菌30株[固氮酶活性:3.79~3193.07 nmol (C₂H₄)·h^-1·mL^-1];分泌IAA菌26株(IAA含量:0.24~69.98 μg·mL^-1),分泌GA₃菌32株(GA₃含量:0.34~68.87 μg·mL^-1)和36株分泌t-Z菌(t-Z含量:0.11~47.59 μg·mL^-1)。植株根际促生菌PGPR均表现出根表面RP区细菌数显著高于根表土RS和根内HP区,珠芽蓼根际筛选出的PGPR多于嵩草根际;蒿草PGPR溶解有机磷能力强于珠芽蓼根际PGPR,但溶无机磷PGPR数目和能力相反。分泌植物激素PHs菌株在能力和数量上均表现出t-Z>GA₃>IAA的趋势。因此,优良溶磷菌(ZNRS2、SNRP2、ZKHP3、ZKRP1),优良固氮菌株(SKRP2、SNHP1、ZNRS3)和优良产植物激素PHs菌(SKHP3、ZNHP2、ZKRS2、ZKRP1、ZKRP2)可用于后期微生物肥料制作和相关研究,其中ZKRS2的促生功能较多,可进行深入挖掘。