春季解冻期棕壤坡面磷素迁移过程研究

春季解冻期土壤季节性冻融发生最为强烈,极易发生土壤侵蚀,也是磷素流失的关键时期。采用人工模拟降雨的方法,探究春季解冻期不同磷素背景值坡面产流产沙及磷素流失动态过程。结果表明:产流后14 min内径流量和泥沙量均呈现较好的线性分布,径流相关系数为0.969,泥沙相关系数为0.936;14~18 min内径流量缓慢增加,从18 min开始一直到产流结束径流量基本保持在3 100 ml/min,而泥沙则总体呈现先增大再减小的趋势;土壤背景值（APb）越高,径流、泥沙中磷浓度越高;径流中磷素流失比率均值APb₂₀坡面最大,且随着背景值的增大呈减小趋势;而泥沙中磷素流失比率均值变化则与径流不同,APb₄₀的坡面其流失比率最小,其他坡面差异较小;径流中磷素流失量与泥沙中磷素流失量呈线性关系,y=6.751x-0.628（R²=0.958）。     

土壤水蚀模型中的融雪侵蚀模拟研究

在季节性或常年积雪地区,春季积雪融化产生的径流及其造成的侵蚀占全年总侵蚀量的比例很大,同时反复进行的冻融过程会影响土壤的物理性质,如团聚体稳定性、水分传导率、抗剪切力、可蚀性等,进而加重土壤侵蚀。因此在这些地区进行融雪侵蚀预报十分必要,它主要包括融雪径流的产生,及其形成的土壤侵蚀量,冻融过程导致土壤性状的变化,以及由此造成的对土壤可蚀性的影响。本研究总结了国内外融雪侵蚀的研究现状,并分析了几个代表性土壤水蚀预报模型中的融雪侵蚀过程,提出我国部分地区土壤侵蚀模型中考虑融雪侵蚀的必要性。     

草甸土近地表解冻深度对坡面降雨侵蚀影响研究

采用室外人工模拟降雨实验,研究了春季解冻期近地表草甸土解冻深度对该时期坡面降雨侵蚀过程的影响。结果表明:土壤解冻深度对入渗、产流以及侵蚀量有较大影响。由于降雨过程中冻土层逐渐向下移动,解冻土层厚度增加,坡面产流和入渗也随之经历着此消彼长的过程。对同一降雨强度,解冻深度愈小,坡面初始产流时间愈早,前期侵蚀率愈大,土壤侵蚀总量也愈大,但降雨后期侵蚀率增幅减小。随着降雨时间的延长,坡面随解冻深度不同发生不同程度的细沟侵蚀。降雨前期解冻深度越小,降雨过程中发展为细沟侵蚀的时间越早,侵蚀强度也越严重,降雨过程中侵蚀率大小的变化也受到细沟发育程度的影响。     

解冻复鲜肉与冷却肉质量的比较

为了考察应用从日本引进的高压静电解冻装置解冻的复鲜肉,按冷却肉生产方式进行加工、销售的质量,本文作了解冻复鲜肉与冷却肉质量的比较研究。研究结果表明：在感官质量评定和理化、微生物测定指标等方面两者基本上淡生差异,质量十分接近。本研究为高压一胸电解冻复鲜肉作为新品种上市,补充上海市冷却内的供应不足提供了理论依据。     

草甸土冻融环境与春季解冻期降雨侵蚀模拟研究

以我国东北草甸土为研究对象,采用人工模拟降雨方法,分析试验区冻融环境及春季解冻期室外降雨侵蚀过程。结果表明:温度大体经历了降温、稳定和升温3个阶段,对应地表土壤经历了冻结、稳定冻结和融化3个过程;表层土壤在冻结和融化的两个过程中都经历了冻融作用,其中10月末至12月初和2月中下旬至3月上中旬均是地表土壤经受冻融交替作用强烈的时期,特别是融化阶段是控制春季解冻期土壤侵蚀的关键时期;冻融前后土壤含水率减小19%、土壤容重减小8.9%;整体土壤侵蚀速率表现为增加趋势;小雨强解冻深度浅的处理,侵蚀速率增加幅度不大,坡面细沟以宽浅型为主;大雨强侵蚀速率波动性增强。     

鹌鹑原始生殖细胞的分离及冷冻

以酶分解法消化孵化了5.5d的鹌鹑性腺得到鹌鹑PGCs,比较了3种不同酶消化时间所得的细胞数量;采用2种不同的冷冻方法冻存鹌鹑PGCs。结果表明：消化15min对于鹌鹑PGCs的分离最佳,而2种冷冻程序所得的活细胞数量差异不显著。     

Effect of Reinforced-Concrete Deterioration on Structures

s:It is proposed that the research of the structural durability is necessary considering the structural damages under the effect of deterioration of reinforced concrete. The most common reasons, which cause the deterioration of structures in China, are reinforcement corrosion and freeze thaw cycles of concrete. Based on the summarizing of research works of the effect of reinforced concrete deterioration on structures, it is indicated that the structural durability research should be carried out either in view of material science or that of structural science, and should be also considered the interaction of several factors with uncertain nature instead of the determined individual factor analysis. The structural durability of serviceable should be paid much more attention while researching the durability of structural capacity. The effect of reinforced concrete deterioration on structural capacity, rigidity and durability should be researched henceforth.     

Response of denitrifying communities to successive soil freeze–thaw cycles

The effect of soil freeze–thaw cycles on the denitrification potential was examined based on the C₂H₂ inhibition method. The gross N₂O production curve of the soil sample (incubation with C₂H₂) showed minor changes between the freeze–thaw treatment and the unfrozen control. However, kinetics analysis revealed that the initial production rate, an indicator of the population density of denitrifying communities, decreased (P = 0.043) and the specific growth rate constant, an indicator of the activity of denitrifying communities, increased (P = 0.039) as a result of the freeze–thaw cycles in five of six soil samples examined. The increase in the specific growth rate constant suggested the stimulation of the activity of denitrifying communities that survived after the freeze–thaw cycles and may explain the minor suppression on the gross N₂O production in spite of decreasing the population density of denitrifying communities that was suggested by the initial production rate. The net N₂O production curve of the soil sample (incubation without C₂H₂) showed a remarkable change in one out of six soil samples, and in that one soil sample, N₂O release to the atmosphere was largely stimulated (7.6 times) by the freeze–thaw cycles. However, the stimulation of the N₂O release by the freeze–thaw cycles was even observed in two other selected soil samples (4.6 and 1.8 times), suggesting that an imbalance in the N₂O-producing and N₂O-reducing activities of denitrifying communities might complementally explain the N₂O release stimulated by the freeze–thaw cycles.     

Variability of CO2 and N2O emissions during freeze‐thaw cycles: results of model experiments on undisturbed forest‐soil cores

The amounts of N₂O released in periods of alternate freezing and thawing depend on site and freezing conditions, and contribute considerably to the annual N₂O emissions. However, quantitative information on the N₂O emission level of forest soils in freeze‐thaw cycles is scarce, especially with regard to the direct and indirect effect of tree species and the duration of freezing. Our objectives were (i) to quantify the CO₂ and N₂O emissions of three soils under beech which differed in their texture, C and N contents, and humus types in freeze‐thaw cycles, and (ii) to study the effects of the tree species (beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)) for silty soils from two adjacent sites and the duration of freezing (three and eleven days) on the emissions. Soils were adjusted to a matric potential of –0.5 kPa, and emissions were measured in 3‐hr intervals for 33 days. CO₂ emissions of all soils were similar in the two freeze‐thaw cycles, and followed the temperature course. In contrast, the N₂O emissions during thawing differed considerably. Large N₂O emissions were found on the loamy soil under beech (Loam‐beech) with a maximum N₂O emission of 1200 μg N m^–2 h^–1 and a cumulative emission of 0.15 g N m^–2 in the two thawing periods. However, the sandy soil under beech (Sand‐beech) emitted only 1 mg N₂O‐N m^–2 in the two thawing periods probably because of a low water‐filled pore space of 44 %. The N₂O emissions of the silty soil under beech (Silt‐beech) were small (9 mg N m^–2 in the two thawing periods) with a maximum emission of 150 μg N m^–2 h^–1 while insignificant N₂O emissions were found on the silty soil under spruce (0.2 mg N m^–2 in the two thawing periods). The cumulative N₂O emissions of the short freeze‐thaw cycles were 17 % (Sand‐beech) or 22 % (Loam‐beech, Silt‐beech) less than those of the long freeze‐thaw cycles, but the differences between the emissions of the two periods were not significant (P ≤ 0.05). The results of the study show that the amounts of N₂O emitted in freeze‐thaw cycles vary markedly among different forest soils and that the tree species influence the N₂O thawing emissions in forests considerably due to direct and indirect impacts on soil physical and chemical properties, soil structure, and properties of the humus layer.     

冻土地区管道建设面临的工程技术难题

介绍了国内外冻土地区管道工程技术现状，针对冻土地区管道沿线和周围（岩）土的冻胀和融沉问题，提出了相应的对策。以格拉输油管道为例，探讨了冻土地区管道工程可选择的敷设方式、油气管道的电保护技术、气候和环境变化对管道的影响以及沿线环境管理等方面的问题。