Application of microsatellites from maize to teosinte and other relatives of maize

Teosinte comprises different Zea species (Zea mays, Zea diploperennis, Zea perennis, Zea luxurians) that can be crossed with cultivated maize (Z. mays ssp. mays). Nine microsatellites from maize were applied to different teosinte species in order to evaluate their usefulness in markerbased exploitation of these genetic resources. The same microsatellites were tested with rye, barley, and sorghum as potential molecular markers for these species. Almost all microsatellite × teosinte combinations yielded polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragments in the range of cultivated maize. Using an F₂ population of a cross between maize inbred A188 and an individual of Zea mays ssp. mexicana, amplification products for maize and teosinte originated from the same genomic location for each of nine microsatellites investigated. PCR fragments of reduced intensity were generally obtained by applying maize microsatellites to rye, barley and sorghum. Polymorphisms among accessions within teosinte (sub)species occurred frequently. In contrast, no polymorphisms were obtained within rye, barley, and sorghum. Hence, application of maize microsatellites to teosinte for fingerprinting or marker-assisted introgression of genomic regions from teosinte into cultivated maize appears promising.     

大刍草×玉米G综合种分离自交系的遗传效应和配合力分析

用一年生墨西哥大刍草(Zea Mexican Schard)与玉米G综合种远缘杂交选育的10个自交系作母本,以7个骨干自交系为父本,按10×7不完全双列杂交设计组配70个杂交组合为供试材料,研究了远缘杂交选系主要农艺性状和经济性状的遗传组成、遗传力和配合力效应。结果表明,抽丝期、株高、茎粗、穗长和百粒重主要受加性基因效应影响,狭义遗传力高,适合早代选择;茎强度、穗粗、穗行数和行粒数受加性基因和非加性基因效应同等影响;而穗位高、穗重、穗粒重和出籽率主要受非加性基因效应影响,狭义遗传力低,宜晚代选择。一般配合力效应分析结果,GT107可以作为很好的早熟、矮杆、抗倒和高产育种潜力亲本。     

A SSR Linkage Map of Maize×Teosinte F2 Population and Analysis of Segregation Distortion

In this study,a linkage genetic map was constructed using a F2 population derived from a cross between a elite maize inbred,B73,and its progenitor,Teosinte(Z. mays ssp.mexicana),through 205 simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers and one morphological marker.By Mapmaker 3.0,polymorphic markers were clustered into 1 0 groups,covering 10 chromosomes of maizexteosinte,with a total length of 2002.4 cM and an average interval of 9.7 cM.Genotyping errors were detected using R/QTL(LOD=2.0)in 109 markers referring to 176 individuals,distributed across all 10 chromosomes with a ratio 1.2%.Projected error loci were re-run and 304 out of the 460 were confirmed as errors and replaced.A new linkage map was constructed,in which markers maintained the same order but the total map length decreased to 1947.8 cM,with an average interval of 9.4 cM between markers.In total,25.2%(P<0.05)markers were identified to have segregation distortion,in which 34.6%deviated towards the pollination parent(B73),30.8%deviated towards Teosinte,32.7%deviated towards heterozygote and 1.9%deviated towards both parents,This map was also compared with published nlaizexteosinte and maize IBM map.     

Genetic regulation of root traits for soil flooding tolerance in genus Zea

Flooding stress caused by excessive precipitation and poor drainage threatens upland crop production and food sustainability, so new upland crop cultivars are needed with greater tolerance to soil flooding (waterlogging). So far, however, there have been no reports of highly flooding-tolerant upland crop cultivars, including maize, because of the lack of flooding-tolerant germplasm and the presence of a large number of traits affecting flooding tolerance. To achieve the goal of breeding flooding-tolerant maize cultivars by overcoming these difficulties, we chose highly flooding-tolerant teosinte germplasm. These flooding-tolerance-related traits were separately assessed by establishing a method for the accurate evaluation of each one, followed by performing quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses for each trait using maize × teosinte mapping populations, developing introgression lines (ILs) or near-isogenic lines (NILs) containing QTLs and pyramiding useful traits. We have identified QTLs for flooding-tolerance-related root traits, including the capacity to form aerenchyma, formation of radial oxygen loss barriers, tolerance to flooded reducing soil conditions, flooding-induced adventitious root formation and shallow root angle. In addition, we have developed several ILs and NILs with flooding-tolerance-related QTLs and are currently developing pyramided lines. These lines should be valuable for practical maize breeding programs focused on flooding tolerance.     

光不敏感型大刍草新种质选育及利用的初步研究

热带类玉米属大刍草(Zea mexicana)为短日植物,在我国北方长日地区不能正常开花结实。本研究初步分析通过系统选育方法选出的光不敏感型大刍草新品种“鲁牧2号”,在长日照地区大田繁种和利用其进行杂交制种的可行性。结果表明,该品种能在长日地区（山东）正常开花结实,开花期在8月上中旬,10月上旬种子成熟。鲜草产量达45 930 kg/hm2,种子产量达1 595.5 kg/hm2,利用该品种作父本杂交制种试验成功率达72.7%。本研究结果说明该种质能够在长日照地区应用,对降低玉米（Z. mays）制种成本、丰富遗传育种资源具有重要意义。     

大刍草×玉米G综合种分离自交系的遗传效应和配合力分析

用一年生墨西哥大刍草（Zea Mexican Schard）与玉米G综合种远缘杂交选育的10个自交系作母本，以7个骨干自交系为父本，按10×7不完全双列杂交设计组配70个杂交组合为供试材料，研究了远缘杂交选系主要农艺性状和经济性状的遗传组成、遗传力和配合力效应。结果表明，抽丝期、株高、茎粗、穗长和百粒重主要受加性基因效应影响，狭义遗传力高，适合早代选择；茎强度、穗粗、穗行数和行粒数受加性基因和非加性基因效应同等影响；而穗位高、穗重、穗粒重和出籽率主要受非加性基因效应影响，狭义遗传力低，宜晚代选择。一般配合力效应分析结果，GT107可以作为很好的早熟、矮杆、抗倒和高产育种潜力亲本。     

Cytogenetic evidence for the origin of teosinte (Zea mays ssp. Mexicana)

Summary Cytogenetic evidence has shown that teosinte (Zea mays ssp. mexicana (Schrad.) Iltes) and maize (Zea mays L. ssp. mays) are conspecific. They hybridize readily and their offspring are generally fertile. Teosinte could not have originated as a byproduct of maize-Tripsacum hybridization. Such introgression gave rise to plants that are phenotypically maize or Tripsacum, depending on which parent was used as a pollen donor. Compartive morphological and genetical studies indicated that it is more probable that maize originated from a teosinte-like ancestor under domestication, than that a maize-like plant gave rise to teosinte through a series of mutations.Reseach supported financially by the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, and Grants GB-40136-X and BM573-01034 A02 from the National Science Foundation.     

玉米及其近缘种大刍草的核型研究

[目的]对玉蜀黍属现今分类的所有大刍草种和玉米进行染色体核型比较研究,为揭示其进化趋势与种间亲缘关系提供参考.[方法]采用根尖压片法确定玉米和大刍草的染色体数目,并对其核型进行分析.[结果]玉蜀黍属内各个种及亚种染色体数目除四倍体多年生类玉米种为 2n=4x=40 外,其余种 (亚种) 的染色体数目均为2n=2x=20.玉蜀黍属内亚属问以及亚属内物种问染色体核型结构差异较小,各个种及亚种染色体均由中部着丝点和近中部着丝点染色体组成,随体全部位于短臂上;除四倍体多年生类玉米种具2对随体外,其余种(亚种)均具 1 对随体,其中,玉米的随体位于中部着丝点染色体上,大刍草的随体均位于近中部着丝点染色体上.核型分类上,繁茂亚属的4个种均为2A型,玉蜀黍亚属主要属于2B型.[结论]细胞学证据表明,玉蜀黍属除四倍体多年生类玉米种染色体数目为2n=40,其余种(亚种)的染色体数目均为2n=20,玉米和大刍草作为同属的物种,染色体核型结构差异较小;四倍体多年生类玉米种不是由二倍体多年生类玉米种加倍演化而来,它们是2个独立的种.