Effect of Nitrogen Rate and Stubble Height on Dry Matter Yield,Crude Protein Content and Crude Protein Yield of a Sorghum–Sudangrass Hybrid[Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf.] in the Three‐Cutting System

In this study, the effects of nitrogen (N) rate (60, 120, 180 and 240 kg N ha^?1 applied in three equal dressings at seeding and after the first and second cuttings) and stubble height (7, 14 and 21 cm) on the dry matter (DM) yield, crude protein (CP) content, and CP yield of a sorghum–sudangrass hybrid [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf., cv. Pioneer 988] in the three‐cut system was investigated. The N rate had no significant effect in the first and third cuttings, but in the second cutting DM yields increased significantly with increase in N rate. The highest yield of 9.1 t ha^?1 was obtained with 80 kg N ha^?1 for the average of 2 years at the second cutting, but no significant difference was found among the 40, 60 and 80 kg N ha^?1 rates. CP content and yield were not significantly affected by N rate at the first and third cuttings, but CP content and yield were significantly affected by application of N at the second cutting. Stubble height had a significant effect on CP content at the third cutting. However, it had no significant effect on CP content at the first and second cuttings. Stubble height had a significant effect on the CP yield at the first cutting, but no significant effect on CP yield at the second and third cuttings.     

圆形喷灌机条件下变量灌溉对苏丹草产量与品质的影响

以苏丹草为研究对象,于2019年5—8月在河北涿州中国农业大学教学实验场开展了圆形喷灌机条件下变量灌溉对苏丹草产量与品质的影响研究。依据土壤表观电导率（ECa）差异划分出3个灌溉管理小区（1区、2区、3区）,并分别对其进行变量灌溉（VRI）和均匀灌溉（URI）处理。结果表明：全生长季内,URI和VRI处理之间年产量没有显著性差异（P>0.05）,但VRI处理比URI处理节水13.4％,灌溉水分利用效率提高了17.5%,尤其是在第二茬雨季VRI处理的灌溉水分利用效率提升了43.8%（P<0.05）;第一茬,VRI处理与URI处理苏丹草粗蛋白含量与相对饲喂价值没有显著性差异（P>0.05）,但在降雨量较大的第二茬VRI处理可以显著提高苏丹草的粗蛋白含量（提高9.5%,P<0.05）和相对饲喂价值（提高3.5%,P<0.05）。     

几种饲料作物在内蒙古呼和浩特地区的生产性能评价

在内蒙古呼和浩特地区,种植并评价了6种(品种)饲用高粱和高丹草类植物的生产性能及作为饲用植物的价值。结果表明,此类植物具有高产、饲用价值高、利用方便等特点,应用前景广阔,可以考虑作为饲用玉米和苏丹草类植物的换代产品。从植物产量、叶量和分蘖特性等方面综合考虑,饲用高粱大力士和高丹草健宝明显优于其他品种,可以作为该地区的首选推广品种。     

烤烟套作绿肥对土壤养分和上部烟叶品质的影响

为减少烟株后期对土壤氮的吸收,控制上部烟叶的烟碱含量,提高上部烟叶可用性,采用盆栽和大田试验方法,探索烟稻复种区植烟土壤质量优化的绿肥种植模式,分析该套作模式对植烟土壤供肥能力和上部烟叶烟碱等品质因子的影响。结果表明:套作高丹草能在短时间内积累较大的生物量;播种量为67.5kg/hm~2的高丹草能从烟田土壤中带走纯氮38.4kg/hm~2,烟田表层土壤全N、碱解N含量分别比对照降低6.9%和6.2%,套作后烟株吸收氮的总量减少10.76%,其中对土壤氮的吸收量减少12.59%;上部烟叶总N和烟碱含量分别比对照下降14.3%和12.6%。烤烟套作高丹草是减少后期烟草吸氮量、控制上部烟叶烟碱含量和提高上部烟叶可用性的有效途径。     

苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中施肥对饲草产量与土壤酶的影响

 【目的】为苏丹草-黑麦草这一新型种植制度的科学施肥、土壤肥力的改善提供依据。【方法】采用4年苏丹草(Sorghum sudanense)与黑麦草(Lolium L.)轮作定位试验研究氮、磷、钾肥对饲草产量、土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的影响。【结果】氮、磷、钾肥配施(NPK处理)明显增加苏丹草、黑麦草鲜草产量,4个年度的饲草总产量在各个处理中均最高,分别比NP(氮、磷肥配施)处理增产17.9%、17.3%、21.7%、23.2%,分别比NK(氮、钾肥配施)处理增产26.9%、20.2%、23.3%、25.9%,分别比PK(磷、钾肥配施)处理增产312..9%、339.8%、231.7%、223.1%,且效果显著。苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中,NPK处理的土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶高于CK、PK处理,部分达到显著水平,与NP、NK处理相当;土壤磷酸酶以碱性磷酸酶为主,苏丹草、黑麦草试验期NP、NK、NPK处理的碱性磷酸酶均显著低于CK、PK处理。【结论】苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中,氮、磷、钾肥配施能够明显提高饲草产量,影响土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性,从而改善土壤肥力。     

Annual warm-season grasses vary for forage yield,quality, and competitiveness with weeds

Warm-season annual grasses may be suitable as forage crops in integrated weed management systems with reduced herbicide use. A 2-year field study was conducted to determine whether tillage system and nitrogen (N) fertilizer application method influenced crop and weed biomass, water use, water use efficiency (WUE), and forage quality of three warm-season grasses, and seed production by associated weeds. Tillage systems were zero tillage and conventional tillage with a field cultivator. The N fertilization methods were urea broadcast or banded near seed rows at planting. Warm-season grasses seeded were foxtail (Setaria italica L.) and proso (Panicum mileaceum L.) millets, and sorghum–sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum sudenense Stapf.). Density of early emerging weeds was similar among treatments, averaging 51 m^?2. Millets exhibited higher weed density and weed biomass than sorghum–sudangrass. At harvest, sorghum–sudangrass produced significantly greater biomass and N accumulation than either millet. Water use (157 mm) and WUE (25.1 kg mm^-1 ha^?1) of total biomass did not vary among treatments or grass entries. Weed seed production by redroot pigweed and green foxtail was respectively 93 and 73% less in sorghum–sudangrass than proso millet. Warm-season grasses offer an excellent fit in semiarid cropping systems.     

镉在杂交苏丹草中的积累和毒害效应

采用盆栽试验,研究了土壤镉污染对杂交苏丹草的毒害效应。结果表明:随着土壤中添加镉量的上升,杂交苏丹草的生物量显著下降。当镉添加量为40mg·kg-1时,杂交苏丹草地上部的生物量只有对照的8.4%;叶绿素含量和硝酸还原酶活性分别为对照的75.1%和35.7%;氮、磷和钾在地上部的累积量分别只有对照的4.8%、2.9%和4.2%。随着镉添加量的增大,杂交苏丹草各部位含镉量高低依次为根、茎、叶;植株中镉的累积量则呈现为先上升后下降的规律。     

苏丹草品种纯度鉴定技术的研究——过氧化物酶同功酶标记

对我国审定登记的5个苏丹草品种，应用幼苗叶片过氧化物酶同功酶电泳技术进行品种鉴定，结果表明，5个品种过氧化物酶同功酶表现出明显的谱带差异：首先根据相对迁移率（Rf）为0.834位置酶带的形状将5个品种划分为3组。其中，新苏2号和盐池两品种呈连续的条形，宁农和乌拉特1号下方有1三角形谱带，而奇台苏丹草在该谱带左下方有1圆点，其次，新苏2号和盐池两品种在Rf为0.455和0.493位置存在酶带，但新苏2号酶带颜色明显深于盐池，另外，宁农和乌拉特1号棹比，Rf为0.834位置下方的三角形谱带乌拉特1号居中而宁农偏右，可据此进一步区分该2品种。本研究认为过氧化物酶同功酶是苏丹草品种鉴定的快速有效技术。     

高粱EST-SSR标记的建立及其在苏丹草中的应用初探

从NCBI中下载了202 325条高粱Sorghumbicolor EST序列。去除低质量和冗余的序列后,在5 661条高粱EST中共发掘出了6 663个SSR位点,出现频率是20.19%,平均分布频率是1/3.93 kb。在5 197条EST序列中,共有3 446条序列能够设计引物,占总数的66.3%。在高粱EST-SSR中,三核苷酸重复是主要的重复类型,出现最多的重复基元是GGC/GCC。在3 446对高粱EST-SSR引物中,随机选择了20对引物进行了合成。以苏丹草Sorghumsudanense722和高粱Sorghumbicolor TX623A为模板,用这20对引物进行PCR扩增,结果全部可以扩增出条带,可用率为100%,有差异的有4对,多态性比率为20%。研究结果证明了根据高粱EST建立SSR标记是有效、可行的。     

不同立地条件和施肥处理下苏丹草产量及经济效益分析

在江汉平原连续2年布置大田试验,研究了不同立地条件下氮、钾肥配合施用对鱼饲用苏丹草(Sorghum sudanense)产草量及经济效益的影响。结果表明,在鱼池田埂上种植时各氮钾配施处理均明显提高苏丹草鲜草产量,比对照增产1.2~2.3倍;在农田中各氮钾肥配施处理产草量也显著高于对照,增产0.84~2.20倍,但较鱼池田埂上苏丹草产草量相对较低。2种立地条件下均以处理N540K180(施N、K2O分别为540、180 kg/hm2)的苏丹草产量最高,分别为82.1和57.0 t/hm2。经济效益分析结果显示,在种植苏丹草时,氮钾肥配施是一项增产增收的好措施,鱼池田埂上平均增收3 991元/hm2,农田种植时平均增收2 897元/hm2;净利润也均以处理N540K180最高,分别为5 087和4 385元/hm2。