天津春稻和麦茬稻品质特性比较

以天津市培育的优质小站稻品种津川1号和隆优619为供试材料,分析了春稻和麦茬稻品质特性的差异。结果表明,津川1号作麦茬稻的整精米率明显低于作春稻,而垩白粒率显著高于春稻;津川1号麦茬稻的蛋白质含量明显偏高,食味值显著低于春稻;隆优619作春稻和麦茬稻无论在外观、加工、食味还是营养品质方面均无显著差异,是较理想的麦茬连作品种。     

采种大白菜地膜复盖的研究

为了提高大白菜(B. campestris ssp pekinensis.)种子的产量和质量,我们进行了两年地膜覆盖研究。结果表明:无论直播小株、育苗小株、老株那种采种方式,凡使用地膜覆盖的均比不覆盖的产量增加30％左右,质量也明显的提高;聚乙烯、聚氯乙烯都是良好的地而覆盖材料,在大白菜种子生产中可以取得相近似的效果。     

地膜覆盖对棉枯萎病发生的影响

地膜覆盖显著降低了棉花枯萎病的发病率与病情指数，极显著地提高了棉花的产量。     

Effect of Nitrogen Rate and Stubble Height on Dry Matter Yield,Crude Protein Content and Crude Protein Yield of a Sorghum–Sudangrass Hybrid[Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf.] in the Three‐Cutting System

In this study, the effects of nitrogen (N) rate (60, 120, 180 and 240 kg N ha^?1 applied in three equal dressings at seeding and after the first and second cuttings) and stubble height (7, 14 and 21 cm) on the dry matter (DM) yield, crude protein (CP) content, and CP yield of a sorghum–sudangrass hybrid [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf., cv. Pioneer 988] in the three‐cut system was investigated. The N rate had no significant effect in the first and third cuttings, but in the second cutting DM yields increased significantly with increase in N rate. The highest yield of 9.1 t ha^?1 was obtained with 80 kg N ha^?1 for the average of 2 years at the second cutting, but no significant difference was found among the 40, 60 and 80 kg N ha^?1 rates. CP content and yield were not significantly affected by N rate at the first and third cuttings, but CP content and yield were significantly affected by application of N at the second cutting. Stubble height had a significant effect on CP content at the third cutting. However, it had no significant effect on CP content at the first and second cuttings. Stubble height had a significant effect on the CP yield at the first cutting, but no significant effect on CP yield at the second and third cuttings.     

The effects of stubble burning and tillage on soil carbon sequestration and crop productivity in southeastern Australia

Abstract. In Australia, stubble burning and tillage are two of the major processes responsible for the decline of soil organic carbon concentration in cropped soils, and the resulting soil degradation. However, the relative importance of these two practices in influencing the soil organic carbon concentration and the long-term impact on soil quality and productivity are not clear. The effects of stubble burning as practised by farmers in southeastern Australia were evaluated in two field trials, one of 19 years duration, the other of 5 years. Conventional tillage (three tillage passes) led to greater loss of soil organic carbon than stubble burning. Loss of total soil organic carbon attributed to stubble burning in the 0–10 cm layer was estimated to be 1.75 t C ha⁻¹ over the period of the 19-year trial, equivalent to 29% of that lost due to tillage. In the 5-year trial, no change in soil organic carbon due to stubble burning was detectable. Changes in soil quality associated with stubble burning detected in the longer trial included a reduction in macro-aggregate stability, and increases in pH and exchangeable K⁺. Only the latter two were detected in the shorter trial. A higher mean wheat yield (average 0.15 t ha⁻¹) following stubble burning was observed in the 19-year trial but not in the 5-year trial. Research to monitor the longer term effects of stubble burning is needed, and to identify conditions where loss of soil organic carbon is minimized.     

红豆草茬地放牧结合补饲青干草对草地羔羊育肥效果的研究

1986～1987年期间在甘肃农大牧草站进行了以红豆草茬地放牧结合补饲青干草对草地羔羊育肥效果的试验。比较了在放牧基础上3种补饲处理(即单燕麦草、单红豆草和燕麦+红豆草混合干草)对两种类型羔羊(即甘肃高山细毛羊和边甘杂种一代羔羊)增重和肉用性能的影响。试验结果表明,7月龄边甘杂种羔羊或9月龄甘高羔羊的期末活重均已超过35公斤,胴体重超过17公斤,屠宰率为47％～49％。     

耕作方式和秸秆覆盖对旱地麦豆轮作下小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和土壤硝态氮残留的影响

为明确耕作方式和秸秆覆盖对旱地麦豆轮作下小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和土壤硝态氮残留的影响,2014年10月-2016年6月,利用设置在豫西典型旱作区的麦豆轮作栽培模式长期定位试验,选取传统翻耕、翻耕覆盖、旋耕和旋耕覆盖4个处理,比较了小麦氮素吸收利用、籽粒产量、蛋白质含量以及土壤硝态氮残留量。结果表明,与翻耕相比,旋耕不影响小麦产量,但花后氮素积累量、籽粒蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量分别降低60.0%、8.6%和13.0%,而成熟期0~200 cm土层硝态氮残留量显著提高28.6%。同一耕作方式下,秸秆覆盖较无覆盖不仅显著提高了穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和收获指数,还提高了拔节前和开花后的氮素积累量,促进了营养器官氮素向籽粒中转运,从而使翻耕覆盖的籽粒产量、氮素吸收效率、籽粒蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量较翻耕分别提高11.5%、13.5%、7.4%和21.3%,旋耕覆盖较旋耕也分别提高23.0%、39.5%、12.8%和38.5%。在试验进行7年后的小麦成熟期,翻耕覆盖0~200 cm土层硝态氮残留量较翻耕降低31.3%,旋耕覆盖较旋耕也降低51.4%。因此,秸秆覆盖不仅可提高旱地麦豆轮作下小麦产量、蛋白质含量和氮素吸收效率,还能降低土壤硝态氮的残留量,是兼顾旱地小麦高产优质和环境友好生产的有效途径,尤其以旋耕覆盖效果突出。     

Response of labile organic C and N pools to plastic film removal from semiarid farmland soil

To examine the effects of plastic film removal on grain yield and soil organic matter (SOM), a spring maize (Zea may L.) field experiment was conducted for 5 yr at Changwu Agricultural and Ecological Experimental Station of Northwest China. Compared with traditional plastic film mulching during entire growing stages (FM), plastic film removal at the silking stage (RM) resulted in a 6.3% higher average maize yield. Under the RM treatment, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen significantly increased after the 5‐yr cultivation in the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer. Significant increases in extractable organic C (EOC), KMnO₄‐oxidizable C (KMnO₄‐C) and C management index (CMI) in the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer, and light fraction organic C and EOC in the 20‐ to 40‐cm layer were observed in response to plastic film removal after the 1‐yr treatment; the responses were more significant after 5 yr. Under the RM treatment, significant increases in microbial biomass C, light fraction organic N, extractable organic N, KMnO₄‐C and CMI were also observed after five years in the 20‐ to 40‐cm layer. Moreover, KMnO₄‐C and EOC were much more sensitive than other labile SOM fractions to the application of RM, even after only 1 yr of cultivation. Therefore, compared with mulching for the whole growing season, plastic film removal at the maize silking stage is an effective option for increasing yields and enhancing SOM concentration and soil sustainability in the regions with semiarid monsoon climates that have sufficient rainfall during maize reproductive stages.     

晚稻机收留高茬紫云英迟播技术的应用效果研究

通过田间试验,研究了双季稻田晚稻机械收获留高茬后紫云英迟播的应用效果。结果表明,与传统紫云英播种技术相比,晚稻机械收获留高茬紫云英迟播显著缩短了紫云英的生育期,但其盛花期能保持与传统播种技术一致,对下茬早稻作物的种植没有影响;两种播种方法对盛花期鲜草产量、植株养分含量和养分积累量均没有显著影响,说明迟播播种能达到与传统播种一样的肥田目的;迟播对紫云英的种子产量及产量构成因素均没有明显影响,与传统播种技术相比可节约劳动力成本约45元/hm2,且可避免传统播种方法对晚稻植株的伤害。在现代双季稻种植条件下,晚稻机械收获留高茬紫云英迟播技术具有较大的优势和发展前景。