Comparison of cavity modification and community involvement as strategies for hornbill conservation in Thailand

We monitored breeding success of hornbills in Thailand for four sympatric species at Khao Yai National Park during 1981-2002 and six species at Budo-Sungai Padi National Park during 1994-2002. Within a 60 km² study area at Khao Yai, the well protected area, use of available cavities ranged from 94% in 1984 to 50% in 1993. Competition for nesting cavities was 40% of cavities available indicating the shortage of suitable cavity. We monitored the cavity condition and modified 48 cavities and, between 1996 and 2000, these contributed annually 23-45% of nestings that were successfully fledged (n = 352). Within the 90 km² at Budo Mountain, with heavy human disturbance, use of available cavities for nesting decreased from 81% in 1997 to 30% by 2001 and of successful fledging from 96% in 1997 to 55% in 1999, but both increased once our involvement with local communities had eradicated poaching and reduced disturbance. Competition for nesting cavities here was 26% of cavities available indicating the effect of poaching. Both strategies were successful in the short term but long-term management of cavities in large forest trees is required at Khao Yai and of forest disturbance at Budo.     

市场化视角下农村宅基地有偿退出研究

政府主导下的宅基地有偿退出具有浓厚的计划经济色彩,在实践中或为追求建设用地指标而损害农民利益,或因忽视了土地市场规律而给地方财政带来巨大压力。基于四川、重庆、浙江、西藏、吉林等地的实地调研,从宅基地退出涉及的产权主体和实施主体角度归纳当前宅基地有偿退出的实践类型,分析不同主体情景下的成效与问题。结果表明,当前宅基地有偿退出实践有是否履行住房保障职能两种情景,根据政府介入方式和程度的不同又可细化为农民偶然退出、隐性市场行为、经济或社会导向型政府主导等类型,尽管实施主体和驱动力有所不同,但普遍存在退出主体不健全、退出客体权能残缺、政府主导下市场关系被忽略、退出机制不健全等问题。研究表明,政府完善基础性制度环境和宅基地制度安排、以市场机制进行资源配置更有助于宅基地有偿退出。因此,应健全农村宅基地产权制度相关的法律体系;明确界定宅基地所有权和使用权,完善土地登记制度和流转制度;完善集体经济组织法人治理结构,建立成员身份的进入和退出机制;制定市场规则,建立农村土地的市场化价格机制;构建城乡一体化的户籍、就业、社会保障等基础性制度。     

Reflections on the influence of a synthesis of circle‐hook evidence on the angling community and conservation policy and practice

1. Understanding how different forms of environmental evidence inform the actions of different stakeholders is useful to improve how we share knowledge with knowledge users. Reflections on a literature review that we published in 2004 on circle hooks as a tool for fish conservation in the recreational fishing sector identified a number of ways in which that synthesis was influential.
2. The article has had direct influence on policy and regulations in a number of countries, but there were even more examples of where the article has been used to influence voluntary guidelines. The article also contributed to formally defining circle hooks, which was necessary from a regulatory and enforcement perspective.
3. The recreational fishing community has also embraced the work, with numerous angling articles based on the literature review appearing in the media and with some angler organizations pushing for the adoption of circle hooks. The fishing tackle industry has also responded with evidence that circle hooks are now more widely available in stores with more hook design options to suit diverse recreational fisheries. In addition, the influence of the article has extended beyond the recreational sector to commercial fishery issues that span several taxa. The research agenda from the article helped to direct research for more than a decade and has since been updated.
4. Overall, this review was timely in that it provided various knowledge users with credible information synthesized in a thoughtful manner at a time when there was interest and need in exploring circle hooks as a tool to enhance the conservation of angled fish. Although this was not a systematic review, it still served as a form of evidence synthesis that gave diverse knowledge users information to guide them in their decisions.

     

试析体育流行和参与体育的关系——一个经验研究的视野

当今社会，流行（时尚）这一社会现象普遍存在于人们社会生活的各个领域，追求流行（时尚）已成为现代人特别是中产阶层女性的一个重要特征。以广州市企业女性白领阶层为研究对象，以文献、问卷、主成分分析和结构方程路径模型分析为主要研究方法，从流行和体育流行的概念入手，通过经验研究描述分析了被调查者接受体育流行的一般概况、接受体育流行的类型和途径、接受体育流行和参与体育的关系、影响被调查者参与体育的因素等，最后提出了本文的研究结论与思考。     

Effectiveness of Protected Area Governance in the Conservation of Mt. Marsabit Forest Ecosystem,Kenya

ABSTRACT

Protected area systems (PAs) have the potential to conserve natural resources and provide social and economic benefits to local communities. Establishing and maintaining good governance and associated mechanisms is necessary for adaptive management of PAs. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the relationships between various stakeholders and the effectiveness of PA governance of Mt. Marsabit forest ecosystem in Kenya. We used social network analysis (SNA) to assess the interactions between actors, and factor analysis to analyze the effectiveness of governance criteria. Governance of Mt. Marsabit forest ecosystem was complex with a multiplicity of stakeholders from diverse interests. Governance was moderately effective (61%) with positive indicators including the regulatory framework, delineation of areas under conservation, and reduction in poaching. The low level of interactions and associations among stakeholders suggest a weakness in the networks that may negatively affect the flow of information and other resources. This weakness was attributed to a lack of institutionalization of the links leading to poor coordination of processes. Local communities were inadequately represented in the governance of this PA despite being important actors. Our study finds that local ownership and strong linkages between actors are important ingredients for effective governance of PAs.     

Community‐based management of the environment: lessons from the past and options for the future

1. Traditional community‐based systems of managing coastal fisheries were (or in some cases are) successful in managing resources at sustainable levels. These systems are used as models in the present study. 2. They were (or are) under‐pinned by a sense of ownership and intimate knowledge of the environment in local people. 3. Such features have been largely lost, as subsistence economies have been replaced by capitalist ones, and environmental management responsibilities have shifted from local communities to national or international government. 4. There are, nevertheless, some examples of community‐based management systems that still operate successfully and we believe that modern management practices, in general, would benefit from increased community involvement. This will require renewed emphases on feelings of ownership and increased knowledge of the environment in the general public. 5. Environmental education will have a fundamental role to play in achieving this goal. However, its impact in schools and universities has been disappointingly ineffective so far in promoting a population that is sufficiently knowledgeable and well‐motivated to partake meaningfully in environmental management processes. 6. It is argued that educational initiatives, which involve all ages and sections of society, are required. Five promising possibilities are: (i) the participation of community groups in scientific projects; (ii) increased emphasis on life‐long learning; (iii) educational campaigns; (iv) citizens' juries; and (v) the involvement of community groups in environmental planning and management processes. 7. Wide‐scale adoption of innovations of these kinds will require funding and this will be achieved only by national re‐assessments of educational needs and priorities. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Developing co-management in an artisanal gill net fishery of a deep hydro-electric reservoir in Sri Lanka

Abstract Victoria, is a recently (1984) impounded, deep, hydro-electric reservoir in Sri Lanka with an established commercial fishery. Participatory appraisal of the fishing community revealed decreasing reliance on fishing income with many fishermen moving away to supplementary occupations because of declining fish catches. Illegal fishing and theft of fishing gear resulting from open access, difficulties encountered in enforcing fisheries regulations and the need for fishermen to find alternative sources of income during low water levels are the major management problems. The top–down centralized management approach previously practised was ineffective in addressing any of these issues. Therefore, the possibilities and limitations for introducing co-management as an alternative management strategy were discussed. Financial hardship coupled with perceived benefits through state sponsored welfare schemes caused a positive attitude change among fishermen, making them respond favourably to fishery management. Establishing a licensing system for controlled access, ensuring greater user-group participation through equitable distribution of state sponsored benefits among members, attempting to enforce penalties for illegal fishing linked with surprise checks to enforce management regulations, and obtaining stakeholder perceptions regarding management issues are some of the recent steps taken by the Fishermen's Co-operative Society which would positively contribute towards developing effective co-management in this reservoir.     

Challenges for Multilevel Stakeholder Engagement in Public Trust Resource Governance

The trend in wildlife management over the last two decades has been to develop locally based approaches for responsiveness to local conditions, but some state wildlife agencies are finding the amount of staff time required to service this approach prohibitive. Although local engagement strategies have been lauded as assuring that public trust obligations of state government to citizens are met, we can expect that states with a local focus as their operational level of stakeholder engagement may opt to change their approach to reflect their resource limitations. We argue for comprehensive regional level effort to understand stakeholders augmented with local engagement processes where needed to deal with special circumstances in smaller areas within a region. Such an approach can be anticipated to have implications for stakeholder engagement and human dimensions research needs, which we discuss in the context of public trust resource administration and good governance of wildlife resources.     

Reinventing rural development in Vietnam: Discursive constructions of grassroots democracy during the renovation reform

Over the past decades Vietnam has seen striking efforts to reinvent the exercise of democratic rural development. Promotion of grassroots democracy, notably under the Grassroots Democracy Decree (GDD), has been an acute response by Communist Party and government to large scale unrest among the rural populace owing to dissatisfactions with a felt mismatch between espoused commitments to ‘good governance’ and its actual practice. Through evidence from field work, this paper assesses the implications of the GDD in the central and northern highlands, analyzing how the promotion of grassroots democracy is discursively constructed by rural development professionals. The results outline three dominant discourses, which center on their respective interests in liberalist democratization, improved efficiency in state renovation, and enhanced accountability in governing local policy ambiguities. It argues that ‘grassroots democracy’ is serving as a conceptual mediator, supporting learning between diverging interests associated with rural development and different ideological positions shrouding the notion of democracy itself. Yet, given the extent that discourses are reflective of how professionals relate to grassroots aspirations, grassroots movements, which originally ushered the Party and central government to pass the GDD, have a significant struggle ahead of them to affect concrete changes in professionals' practices.     

白马雪山国家级自然保护区的资源保护与利用对策

白马雪山国家级自然保护区位于迪庆州德钦县和维西县境内，总面积281640hm^2。详细介绍了保护区对当地社区在生产、生活、旅游、宗教等方面产生的影响，分析了资源保护和利用之间的矛盾，提出了协调不同利益群体的对策。