Thirty years of change and the future of Alaskan fisheries: Shifts in fishing participation and diversification in response to environmental,regulatory and economic pressures

Heterogeneity in human responses and decision‐making can contribute to the resilience of social–ecological systems in the face of environmental, political and economic pressures. In fishery systems worldwide, the ability of harvesters to maintain a diverse portfolio of fishing strategies is important for building adaptive capacity. We used a case‐study approach to examine the complexity of factors that inhibit or promote diversification in fisheries of Alaska, one of the major fishing regions of the world. Through a combination of harvest records and literature review, we explored shifts in participation and portfolio diversity in Alaskan fisheries over three decades. The four case‐studies examined the responses of fishers, fleets and communities to multiple, intersecting pressures, including biological declines, market and price dynamics, fishery privatization and the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. These cases illustrate how stressors acting at multiple scales can encourage or constrain opportunities for diversification, and that these opportunities may be spread inequitably across participants. Overall, we found evidence for reduced participation and increasing specialization in Alaskan commercial fisheries. While numerous factors explain these trends, policies like individual quota systems and the increasing cost of entry into fisheries are forcing consolidation at local to regional scales. A portfolio approach to managing fisheries that reduces barriers to diversification and includes broad representation of resource users and communities in management may help to maintain opportunity and choice for fishers.     

美法两国区域农业的发展及对中国农业发展的启示

中国是一个农业大国,区域差异明显;不同的区域,其农业发展方向与重点也有所不同;与国外发达国家相比,我国的区域农业并没有得到很好的发展。本文从对美、法两国的区域农业专业化发展进行分析,论述美、法区域农业专业化发展的做法和措施;其中包括：农业的科技推广、教育、以及政府的支持等方面;从而得到一些对中国区域农业发展的启示。     

我国小麦条锈病防治研究的进展

本文概括了以下四个方面的进展：⑴揭示了我国小麦条锈病菌的越夏、越冬和春季流行规律,提出一套行之有效的测报方法,提供了重大的防锈原则和综合治理方案。⑵研究出一套适合我国应用的小麦条锈菌生理小种鉴别寄主,查明了小种逐年变化动态及其与品种抗性丧失的原因,大大提高了抗条锈育种和品种利用的针对性和预见性。⑶全国鉴定抗条锈性或感的材料约300000份。成株混合菌种鉴定法发展为多小种分别鉴定法和多抗性鉴定法,开拓了品种抗性资源。⑷敌锈纳等在60–70年代防治条锈病起了显著作用;用粉锈宁拌种1次控制条锈病流行的技术已在大面积上推广。文内还讨论了今后如何加强小麦条锈病防治规划和基础研究,藉以提高综合治理水平。     

日本、荷兰和以色列发展设施农业对中国的启示

日本、荷兰和以色列等国家通过实施设施农业创造了现代农业的奇迹,其成功经验值得借鉴,概述了其对中国发展设施农业的深刻启示:树立并认同农业知识化、工业化、市场化理念是发展设施农业的前提;体现国家意志,实行政府主导是发展设施农业的关键;生产经营集约化是发展设施农业的基础;生产主体专业化是发展设施农业的核心。     

基于物流中心发展专业化农产品物流体系

在分析我国现行农产品物流体系制度特点的基础上指出,现行物流体系效率低下的原因在于商物不分的制度结构。近年来现代化农产品物流中心在我国各地纷纷兴起。农产品物流中心的兴起预示着我国农产品物流体系向专业化方向的发展。我国应以此为契机,加速构建专业化的现代农产品物流体系。     

AFLP analysis of Russian <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alternaria tenuissima</Emphasis> populations from wheat kernels and other hosts

Alternaria tenuissima is a common pathogen on a number of plants described in several geographic regions of the world. Genetic variation within and between Russian Far East, North West and Caucasus populations of A. tenuissima from wheat was examined. In addition, genetic differences between isolates from various hosts were estimated. In total, 101 isolates of A. tenuissima were studied using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) with four primer combinations. Wright’s fixation index (F _st), gene flow (N _m) and gene diversity (H _s) were calculated. AFLP banding patterns indicated significant genetic distance and at the same time a low level of gene flow between the Far East and the two other groups of isolates originating from the European part of country. The degree of similarity between the North West and Caucasus populations was very high, as was the migration rate. Isolates analysed by UPGMA-based cluster analysis were grouped according to location of origin but irrespective of plant host. Based on the F _st value, the group of isolates originating from wheat and barley were not found to differ significantly from each other.     

枣花发育过程中糖类物质的分布与变化

以壶瓶枣为试材,通过组织学制片,运用PAS-苏木精复染和汞-溴酚蓝法对材料进行染色,用显微镜观察了花芽形态分化过程及其花器官中的糖类物质分布。结果表明,从枣吊萌动到花开,淀粉粒在各个分生组织分裂最旺盛的细胞中逐渐积累;随着花器官的发育,在萼片中形成囊状特化大细胞,到花粉粒成熟时布满萼片、花瓣和花托,标志着糖类物质积累达到高峰;但是当花开时,这些囊状特化大细胞中的糖类物质消失,变成空腔。     

拓宽南方省区农业机化发展道路

通过专业化，集约的形式，才能完善发展农业机械化，克服了独户经营后，耕地面积少，资金不足，不利于发展机械化存在问题。     

医院建筑设计略谈

医院建筑作为建筑的一种类型,有着它自身的特点和难点,作者通过工作中的实际经验,着重阐述对医院设计中存在的问题,并提出自己的见解。     

Fusarium wilt of chickpea: physiological specialization, genetics of resistance and resistance gene tagging

Chickpea wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris is one of the major yield limiting factors in chickpea. The disease causes 10–90% yield losses annually in chickpea. Eight physiological races of the pathogen (0, 1A, 1B/C, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) are reported so far whereas additional races are suspected from India. The distribution pattern of these races in different parts of the world indicates regional specificity for their occurrence leading to the perception that F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris evolved independently in different regions. Pathogen isolates also exhibit differences in disease symptoms. Races 0 and 1B/C cause yellowing syndrome whereas 1A, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 lead to wilting syndrome. Genetics of resistance to two races (1B/C and 6) is yet to be determined, however, for other races resistance is governed either by monogenes or oligogenes. The individual genes of oligogenic resistance mechanism delay onset of disease symptoms, a phenomenon called as late wilting. Slow wilting, i.e., slow development of disease after onset of disease symptoms also occurs in reaction to pathogen; however, its genetics are not known. Mapping of wilt resistance genes in chickpea is difficult because of minimal polymorphism; however, it has been facilitated to great extent by the development of sequence tagged microsatellite site (STMS) markers that have revealed significant interspecific and intraspecific polymorphism. Markers linked to six genes governing resistance to six races (0, 1A, 2, 3, 4 and 5) of the pathogen have been identified and their position on chickpea linkage maps elucidated. These genes lie in two separate clusters on two different chickpea linkage groups. While the gene for resistance to race 0 is situated on LG 5 of Winter et al. (Theoretical and Applied Genetics 101:1155–1163, 2000) those governing resistance to races 1A, 2, 3, 4 and 5 spanned a region of 8.2 cM on LG 2. The cluster of five resistance genes was further subdivided into two sub clusters of 2.8 cM and 2.0 cM, respectively. Map-based cloning can be used to isolate the six genes mapped so far; however, the region containing these genes needs additional markers to facilitate their isolation. Cloning of wilt resistance genes is desirable to study their evolution, mechanisms of resistance and their exploitation in wilt resistance breeding and wilt management.