母猪卧向行为学的观察

本文通过2个试验对母猪在分娩圈和分娩栏中的卧向行为进行了观察,试验一中, 选择10头大白(Yorkshire)经产母猪作为观察对象,试验二中分别选择10头大白(Yorkshire) 经产母猪和10头长白(Landrace)经产母猪作为观察对象。观察采用瞬时记录方法,每周观察 三次,隔日观察,每天上午、下午各观察一次,每次3 h,每次观察间隔5 min。观察中发现,母猪 卧向以向外为主。分娩栏(四周是栏杆)中的母猪以选择卧向外(向北)为主,其次是卧向内(向 南),卧向左和卧向右最少且差异不显著,上栏前和下栏后差异不显著。分娩圈(四周是墙壁)中 母猪以选择卧向外为主,卧向内最少,卧向左和卧向右差异不显著。长白母猪比大白母猪选择 卧向外的多,妊娠阶段比哺乳阶段选择卧向外的多。     

Body weight of newborn and suckling piglets affects their intestinal gene expression

Modern hyperprolific sows must deal with large litters (16–20 piglets) which reduce piglet birthweight with a concomitant increase in the proportion of small and intrauterine growth retarded piglets. However, larger litters do not only have a greater variation of piglet weights, but also a greater variation in colostrum and milk consumption within the litter. To further understand the impact that body weight has on piglets, the present study aimed to evaluate the degree of physiological weakness of the smallest piglets at birth and during the suckling period (20 d) compared to their middle-weight littermates through their jejunal gene expression. At birth, light piglets showed a downregulation of genes related to immune response (FAXDC2, HSPB1, PPARGC1α), antioxidant enzymes (SOD2m), digestive enzymes (ANPEP, IDO1, SI), and nutrient transporter (SLC39A4) (P < 0.05) but also a tendency for a higher mRNA expression of GBP1 (inflammatory regulator) and HSD11β1 (stress hormone) genes compared to their heavier littermates (P < 0.10). Excluding HSD11β1 gene, all these intestinal gene expression differences initially observed at birth between light and middle-weight piglets were stabilized at the end of the suckling period, when others appeared. Genes involved in barrier function (CLDN1), pro-inflammatory response (CXCL2, IL6, IDO1), and stress hormone signaling (HSD11β1) over-expressed compared to their middle-weight littermates (P < 0.05). In conclusion, at birth and at the end of suckling period, light body weight piglets seem to have a compromised gene expression and therefore impaired nutrient absorption, immune and stress responses compared to their heavier littermates.     

Free-range system and supplementation of 25-hydroxicholecalciferol increases the performance and serum vitamin levels in mixed-parity sows

Improvements in sow productivity have raised questions regarding dietary vitamin D recommendations. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of the housing system with access to sunlight exposure and supplementation of 25-hydroxicholecalciferol on performance and serum levels of 25(OH)D₃ in sows during gestation and lactation. Sows were distributed in an experimental design with two housing systems: gestation crates or gestation free-range system with external area for sunlight exposure; and two diets: 0 or 50 μg of 25-hydroxicholecalciferol kg⁻¹. The use of 25-hydroxicholecalciferol tended (P = 0.052) to improve total born and influenced (P = 0.046) on number of born alive. Litter weight at birth was also increased (P = 0.01) by 25-hydroxicholecalciferol supplementation; 25-hydroxicholecalciferol supplementation and housing system (free-range with sunlight exposure) tended to increase weaning weight (P = 0.07) and litter daily gain (P = 0.051) during lactation. Exposure to sunlight and 25-hydroxicholecalciferol supplementation increased 25(OH)D₃ serum levels when compared with control treatment during gestation (136.95 vs. 113.92 ng mL⁻¹; P = 0.035) and lactation (120.29 vs. 88.93 ng mL⁻¹; P = 0.026). In conclusion, the association of 25-hydroxicholecalciferol supplementation with exposure to sunlight during gestation improved significantly 25(OH)D₃ serum levels and consequently performance traits in gestation and lactation.     

超额储备后备母猪的运作模式——非洲猪瘟背景下集团化养猪企业的盈利之道

集团猪场代表行业最高技术、管理及现代化水平,迅速发展。特别是2018年非洲猪瘟疫情在我国暴发后,在高风险、高回报的行业背景下,集团化养猪企业凭借资金、人才、技术、硬件设施等优势,采取超额储备种猪的运作模式,进而迅速扩张。超额储备的本质是利用资金充足、场区数量、生物安全等优势,通过统一使用长白或大白公猪配种,育肥场用作种猪场等方式超额储备后备母猪。个别场区清场后可以迅速引种补栏,多余后备母猪、妊娠母猪正常出售回收资金。这种模式可有效降低风险、保证足够盈利,同时在非洲猪瘟疫情的背景下有效整合农业资源、利用商业资金反哺养猪业,指引养猪行业走向。     

中草药验方对乏情母猪繁殖性能的影响

试验选择由卵巢机能失调、子宫炎、阴道炎为主要原因引起的乏情母猪,通过中草药制剂和西药促性腺激素进行催情治疗的效果比较。证实了中草药验方对乏情母猪具有较好的提高繁殖性能的作用。     

诱导母猪同期分娩的技术

在集约化猪场中,要求严格按工艺流程有节奏地进行养猪生产。为了避免夜间产仔和有效地提高商品猪的整体质量,常采用同期分娩解决这一难题。作为调控繁殖节律的技术之一,药物诱导母猪同期分娩已成为集约化养猪业的一个重要研究课题。本文对前列腺素F2α和氦前列烯醇在母猪同期分娩中的应用作一简单介绍。     

杂交狼尾草打浆后饲喂早中期妊娠母猪效果研究

开展以沼液浇灌的“闽牧6号”杂交狼尾草（Pennisetum americarum×P．purpureum cv．Minmu 6）打浆不同比例饲喂怀孕早中期母猪(0～80 d)效果研究,试验设4个饲喂量处理,处理1（CK）~处理4,妊娠早中期分别饲喂打浆鲜草0、2、4、6 kg/(头·d),牧草以折合成干物质等量替代配合饲料。结果表明,4个处理的母猪窝产仔数分别为13.42、10.60、13.64和11.50头,窝活仔数分别为12.42、10.30、12.73和9.92头,饲喂2和4 kg/（头·d）打浆鲜草在活仔数方面与对照差异不显著,而饲喂6 kg/（头·d）打浆鲜草则显著低于不饲喂鲜(P<0.05)。饲喂牧草的处理仔猪初生体质量、健仔率都比对照得到不同程度的提高,试验结果还表明,怀孕早中期母猪通过饲喂2～4 kg/（头·d）狼尾草草浆来补充纤维来源,可提高母猪的生产性能和仔猪品质,尤其以饲喂4 kg/（头·d）打浆鲜草,饲粮粗纤维含量为8.24%～9.41%,效果最佳。     

复合有机铁对母猪繁殖性能及其抗氧化能力的影响

为研究复合有机铁对母猪繁殖性能、血液理化指标及抗氧化能力的影响,试验选用体重接近、胎次接近、预产期一致的健康“长×白”二元杂母猪30头,随机分为3组,每组10个重复,每个重复1头母猪,3个处理组分别在基础日粮中补充硫酸亚铁、甘氨酸亚铁、复合有机铁。结果显示:较硫酸亚铁组,复合有机铁组产程缩短23.57%、胎产健仔数增加14.00%、初生窝重增加14.14%(P < 0.05);母猪血红蛋白含量、红细胞数和红细胞压积分别提高19.88%、10.53%、8.33%(P < 0.05);母猪抗氧化酶活性和机体抗氧化能力提高47.33%(P < 0.05),丙二醛含量降低37.05%(P < 0.05)。综上所述,母猪日粮中额外补充复合有机铁源能提高母猪繁殖性能,改善血液理化指标,增强母猪抗氧化能力。     

妊娠后期和泌乳期日粮添加生姜、八角和丹参对母猪抗氧化性能和繁殖性能的影响

试验旨在研究妊娠后期和泌乳期日粮中添加生姜、八角和丹参对母猪抗氧化性能和繁殖性能的影响。试验选择胎次一致、平均体重(164.28±1.30) kg的莱芜黑猪妊娠经产母猪36头,随机分为4个处理,每个处理9个重复。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在对照组的基础上分别添加10g/kg姜粉、5g/kg八角粉和10g/kg丹参粉(即Cont.组、GIN组、SA组和DS组)。结果表明,GIN组、SA组和DS组母猪血清中GSH含量、初乳中乳蛋白含量及初乳T-AOC均显著高于Cont.组(P<0.05);GIN组和DS组初乳中乳脂含量均显著高于Cont.组(P<0.05),SA组和DS组初乳中乳糖含量显著高于Cont.组(P<0.05);各处理间窝产活仔数、21 d成活率、仔猪初生窝重和21 d窝重均无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,日粮中添加10g/kg生姜、5g/kg八角和10g/kg丹参可提高母猪血清和初乳的抗氧化水平,提高初乳营养价值,但对母猪繁殖性能无影响。     

添加缬氨酸和异亮氨酸对哺乳母猪及其仔猪生产性能的影响

本试验旨在探讨在哺乳母猪日粮中添加缬氨酸和异亮氨酸对母猪及其仔猪生产性能、母猪采食量和乳成分的影响.试验选用健康、体况、预产期相近的第2胎法系JALAX母猪144头,分成3个处理组,即对照组、试验A组和试验B组,每个处理48头母猪.对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验A组饲喂添加低水平支链氨基酸日粮(基础日粮 缬氨酸0.26% 异亮氨酸0.06%),试验B组饲喂添加高水平支链氨基酸日粮(基础日粮 缬氨酸0.36% 异亮氨酸0.14%).试验从母猪妊娠108 d进产房开始,到仔猪21日龄断奶时结束.试验结果表明:(1)添加缬氨酸和异亮氨酸提高了仔猪的断奶窝重、断奶窝增重、平均日增重和21日龄仔猪成活率,但以试验A组的效果较好,和对照组比,上述指标分别提高了23.10%(P<0.01)、30.45%(P<0.01)、19.26%(P<0.05)和7.16%(P<0.05);(2)添加缬氨酸和异亮氨酸提高了哺乳母猪哺乳11～15 d,16～21 d以及哺乳全期的采食量,试验A组比对照组分别提高了35.61%(P<0.01)、27.72%(P<0.01)和24.21%(P<0.01),试验B组虽然与对照组之间差异不显著(P>0.05),但有提高的趋势;(3)添加缬氨酸和异亮氨酸极显著提高了泌乳第1天、第7天和第15天乳中乳脂、乳蛋白、总固形物、非乳脂固体的含量(P<0.01),极显著降低了乳糖的含量(P<0.01),但以试验A组的效果最好;(4)添加缬氨酸和异亮氨酸极显著提高了初乳(泌乳第1天)的总必需氨基酸、总非必需氨基酸以及总氨基酸的含量(P<0.01),但对第7天和第15天乳中氨基酸含量影响不显著.因此,日粮中添加缬氨酸和异亮氨酸可以提高哺乳母猪的日采食量和改善母猪乳品质,从而提高哺乳仔猪的生长性能.