Selecting Bid with Reasonably Low Price Without Bottom Price Based On Sector Estimate

For raveling out the main shortage of tendering which is the reasonable sector is unreasonable of making the bid evaluation uncertain. In order to eliminate subjective factor, this paper quantificationally analyses the price in bidding and establishes the sector selecting bid model based on the sector estimate idea, which tries to provide a new method and academic basic for determining the reasonable sector. Finally, the article gives an example to prove that the model is feasible and effective and it tries to ensure the bidding assessment public, equitable and just.     

Factors underlying the investment decision in energy-saving systems in Dutch horticulture

In the Netherlands the greenhouse sector is a major user of energy. It accounts for 7% of the total national energy use and for 79% of the total energy use in agriculture. In order to sustain this sector on the long term, it is important that its use of energy is lowered. One way of reducing energy use by horticultural producers is investing in energy-saving systems. The purpose of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the investment behavior of firm operators in the adoption of energy-saving systems. Research objectives of the paper are (1) to analyze factors underlying the decision to invest, (2) to explore factors underlying the optimal size of investments. Three investment theories were used to construct an empirical model of investment. Consequently, this model was estimated in a two-stage procedure to analyze the factors influencing the decision of farmers to invest and the level of investments. The paper ends with policy implications.     

基于马克思必要劳动和剩余劳动观的农业部门剩余劳动力估算研究

针对用工荒和就业难并存的现实悖论,基于马克思的必要劳动和剩余劳动的观点,使用我国1978 ～ 2010年时间序列数据对我国农业部门潜在剩余劳动力进行点估计和区间估计.结果表明,我国目前农业部门的潜在剩余劳动力数量大约在2亿左右,并且我国的劳动力供给潜在优势持续时间最短为20年左右,最长为30年左右.要充分利用劳动力供给的潜在机遇,必须尽快调整和优化产业结构,加强农业生产技术研发和农业劳动力培训力度,并加速城乡发展的一体化进程.     

部门合作型海外耕地投资模式分析

在当前全球海外耕地投资活动加剧的时代背景下,系统梳理和总结当前海外耕地投资模式,将会有力化解中国企业的海外耕地投资风险和显著提升中国企业的投资成效。基于部门合作视角,利用当前典型海外耕地投资案例资料,采用文献分析法和案例分析法,探讨海外耕地投资模式。结果表明,当前主要有"公对公"、"公对私"和"私对私"三种典型的部门合作型海外耕地投资模式。其中,"公对公"模式的合作双方主要来自政府部门,投资可得到官方支持,项目成效突出,且推广效应明显;投资主导型"公对私"模式是具有官方背景的投资者与来自私人部门的被投资企业间的合作,一般前者资金实力雄厚,且对项目安全性要求较高;引资主导型"公对私"模式是被投资国政府部门与来自私人部门的投资企业之间的合作,并且前者对后者投资实力的筛选较为严格;"私对私"模式是一种在被投资国法律制度框架下的私人部门投资企业间合作,政府一般不参与其中,只负责提供相关管理和服务。研究表明,部门合作型海外耕地投资模式已演化出差异明显的表现形式、操作流程、投资特征和适用特点,中国政府应当在国家层面上重视对海外耕地投资的"公对公"模式和投资主导型"公对私"模式的推广和应用,中国投资企业应重视对国际上海外耕地投资的"私对私"模式和引资主导型"公对私"模式经验教训的总结与提炼。因此,在中国农业"走出去"战略和利用"两个市场、两种资源"的政策引导下,选择恰当的海外耕地投资模式,不仅是提升中国企业投资效益的需要,也是深入贯彻国家农业"走出去"战略和中国深入参与全球耕地资源再分配的应有之意。     

Privatization of Veterinary Services in Developing Countries: A Review

Increasing fiscal constraints on the government, a lackadaisical performance by public sector animal health and breeding services and pressure from donor partners have prompted the governments of various developing countries to rethink the role of the public sector in the provision of veterinary services. Various countries have started to implement, or have already implemented, privatization of some veterinary services. The results are mixed. It is established that private provision alone is not optimal, and a blend of private and public sector veterinary services is required to utilize the virtues of both.The privatization process has also begun in India. Certain state governments in India are pursuing a cost recovery approach and are encouraging private practitioners to cope with the financial constraints and to deliver broad and effective animal health and breeding services. This paper considers the global aspects of the privatization of veterinary services as well as the scenario in India, so as to gain an insight into the very complex and debatable issue of privatization of veterinary services.     

Determinants of equity-based entry mode choice in the forest sector: the case of China

The focus of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the global forest sector has shifted from developed to developing economies (currently accounting 73% of total) during the past two decades. China has been the main global driver with its annual FDI soaring from USD 130 million in 2002 to USD 550 million in 2010. In light of international economic and business theories, choice of foreign entry mode is considered the most critical issue in corporate expansion strategy, which, however, has not been empirically studied in the forest sector. To fill this gap, our paper focuses on modeling two equity-based entry mode choices (i.e. wholly owned subsidiary or joint ventures) of foreign investment projects in China based on data from 109 activities of the Top 100 forest, paper, and packaging industry companies. By using logistic modeling, the main determinants of corporate entry mode choice are found to be cultural and geographical distance between the corporate home country and China, duration of corporate presence in China, and spatial concentration of local-level forest industry. Instead, investment project size and local resource availability are found to have no significant impact on corporate entry mode choice in China.     

China's role in the global forest sector: how will the US recovery and a diminished Chinese demand influence global wood markets?

Over the last decade, while the size of China's economy more than doubled, China has simultaneously become a major producer and exporter of forest products. Although China's domestic supply of wood is significantly constrained both by a limited natural supply and by conservation-oriented policies, the country is increasingly regarded as the world's “wood workshop.” Furthermore, China is the largest driver of demand for the trade in tropical logs and is becoming a significant driver of demand for trade in coniferous logs. In this paper, we describe a spatial equilibrium model adapted to study forest sector markets and policies that affect them. We present the model and the result of two alternative future scenarios. The first scenario analyzes the impact on global forest products markets of a US recovery in wood markets. The second scenario examines the effect on global forest products markets of decelerating growth in Chinese demand for wood products. Through these two scenarios, the modeling output sheds light on the role China's wood products markets have on resource supply and trade around the world. The trade model shows substantial potential changes in global prices, production, and trade activity associated with the recovery in domestic demand in the USA.     

Regulation of space in the contemporary postcolonial Pacific city: Port Moresby and Suva

Abstract: National development problems in the weak states of Papua New Guinea and Fiji have resulted in external intervention. However neo‐liberal development strategies have not resolved development problems and may have further weakened state structures. In both capital cities rural‐urban migration, rising urban unemployment, and the expansion of squatter settlements and the informal sector have all continued in recent years. The numbers of beggars, street kids and prostitutes have increased, as has domestic violence and crime. Governments have opposed all these trends, by regulation and intolerance, violence, routine repression and eviction, rather than by pro‐poor policies. Settlers, prostitutes, beggars, street kids and market vendors have been evicted and moved on, on the ideological premise that that their true place is in rural areas, and that their urban presence challenges and threatens notions of urban order. Moral regulation, social exclusion and moral panic have divided ‘good citizens’ from marginal and possibly criminal others, intensifying social divisions within the cities. Sustainable urban development has proved difficult to achieve.     

退耕还林工程与二元结构问题研究

退耕还林工程所面临的是一个由二元结构所衍生出的矛盾和问题,即如何解决不同地区和产业因发展阶段的差异而产生的对同一土地(坡地)不同利用方式之间需求弹性和效用函数的错位。问题的核心是协调发达的现代部门对森林的多样化需求与欠发达的传统部门对生存和发展需求之间的矛盾。现有退耕还林的政策投入仅是该工程成功的必要条件,而非充分条件。为此,应加大事后介入力度,采取综合措施来保证退耕还林工程的长远效果。     

Impacts of population growth, economic development, and technical change on global food production and consumption

Over the next decades mankind will demand more food from fewer land and water resources. This study quantifies the food production impacts of four alternative development scenarios from the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and the Special Report on Emission Scenarios. Partially and jointly considered are land and water supply impacts from population growth, and technical change, as well as forest and agricultural commodity demand shifts from population growth and economic development. The income impacts on food demand are computed with dynamic elasticities. Simulations with a global, partial equilibrium model of the agricultural and forest sectors show that per capita food levels increase in all examined development scenarios with minor impacts on food prices. Global agricultural land increases by up to 14% between 2010 and 2030. Deforestation restrictions strongly impact the price of land and water resources but have little consequences for the global level of food production and food prices. While projected income changes have the highest partial impact on per capita food consumption levels, population growth leads to the highest increase in total food production. The impact of technical change is amplified or mitigated by adaptations of land management intensities.