荷斯坦奶牛休息时间的群体特征及影响因素分析

为探究北京地区荷斯坦奶牛休息时间的群体规律及影响因素,本研究收集了北京地区某规模化牧场2018年4月至2020年4月共838头荷斯坦奶牛的休息时间及对应的奶牛生产性能测定记录及环境温湿度数据,利用SAS 9.2软件的GLM过程分析了年份、季节、场区、胎次和泌乳月等因素对荷斯坦奶牛休息时间的影响,并分析了休息时间对荷斯坦奶牛生产性能的影响。结果显示,荷斯坦奶牛平均休息时间为397.39 min/d,范围为87.74~707.03 min/d,变异系数为26%;休息时间随季节呈先降低后升高的趋势,夏季最低,冬季最高;随环境温湿度的升高而逐渐降低;产犊和发病对休息时间均有较大影响,产犊和发病当天奶牛休息时间均存在一个峰值,之后逐渐降低至正常水平;测定年份、季节、场区、胎次和泌乳月份对休息时间均有极显著影响（P<0.01）;荷斯坦奶牛产奶量随休息时间的升高而降低。本研究为利用自动化记录设备探究奶牛的行为规律及利用连续测定的休息时间数据提高牛群的精准管理水平提供了理论依据。     

Summarization of Current Research on Application of Durability of Structures

This paper summarized the recent research results about the durability of structures, introduced their current application in durability design, appraisal, estimation of rest life and strategy of maintenance and strengthening as well as in other fields.     

从“久卧伤气”探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并坠积性肺炎发病机制

长期卧床的慢性阻塞性肺疾病（chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD）患者,痰液等分泌物易阻塞于呼吸道,甚则肺部形成瘀血,极易引发坠积性肺炎。中医认为“久卧伤气”,气伤则虚、气伤痰阻、气伤血瘀,终致痰瘀互结。COPD患者肺、脾、肾虚,痰瘀交阻,久卧于床则加重三脏之虚,痰瘀益甚而合并坠积性肺炎。故从COPD并发坠积性肺炎的中医病机出发,深入剖析“久卧伤气”与COPD并发坠积性肺炎的关系,以期为临床诊疗提供理论基础。     

森林游憩的生态冲击及对策探讨

森林游憩活动对生态环境的冲击主要来源于开发建设、企业经营和游憩活动三方面;冲击的对象主要表现在植物和土壤、野生动物、水体、大气和种群结构等方面。在全面分析森林游憩对生态环境的冲击的基础上,提出了科学规划、生态化建设和生态化管理等减少生态冲击的对策。     

Eighty Years of Grazing by Cattle Modifies Sagebrush and Bunchgrass Structure

Grazing by cattle is ubiquitous across the sagebrush steppe; however, little is known about its effects on sagebrush and native bunchgrass structure. Understanding the effects of long-term grazing on sagebrush and bunchgrass structure is important because sagebrush is a keystone species and bunchgrasses are the dominant herbaceous functional group in these communities. To investigate the effects of long-term grazing on sagebrush and bunchgrass structure, we compared nine grazing exclosures with nine adjacent rangelands that were grazed by cattle in southeast Oregon. Grazing was moderate utilization (30 ? 45%) with altering season of use and infrequent rest. Long-term grazing by cattle altered some structural aspects of bunchgrasses and sagebrush. Ungrazed bunchgrasses had larger dead centers in their crowns, as well as greater dead fuel depths below and above the crown level compared with grazed bunchgrasses. This accumulation of dry fuel near the meristematic tissue may increase the probability of fire-induced mortality during a wildfire. Bunchgrasses in the ungrazed treatment had more reproductive stems than those in the long-term grazed treatment. This suggests that seed production of bunchgrasses may be greater in ungrazed areas. Sagebrush height and longest canopy diameter were 15% and 20% greater in the ungrazed compared with the grazed treatment, respectively. However, the bottom of the sagebrush canopy was closer to the ground in the grazed compared with the ungrazed treatment, which may provide better hiding cover for ground-nesting avian species. Sagebrush basal stem diameter, number of stems, amount of dead material in the canopy, canopy gap size, and number of canopy gaps did not differ between ungrazed and grazed treatments. Moderate grazing does not appear to alter the competitive relationship between a generally unpalatable shrub and palatable bunchgrasses. Long-term, moderate grazing appears to have minimal effects to the structure of bunchgrasses and sagebrush, other than reducing the risk of bunchgrass mortality during a fire event.     

白绒山羊生态舍饲养殖模式浅见

研究了传统放牧饲养方式和简单圈养方式的利与弊,根据北方养殖现状,提出了高效生态养殖的思路和实施方法。     

基于ANSYS Workbench的方捆机刀架静力学与模态分析

切割揉碎装置中刀架对秸秆切割揉碎方捆机的性能有重要影响。为避免作业过程中出现刀架结构强度不足和共振问题，运用SolidWorks软件建立秸秆切割揉碎方捆机的三维模型，将刀架模型简化后导入ANSYS Workbench软件，并对其分别进行静力学和模态分析。静力学分析结果表明：刀架在静载荷下最大位移为0.259 3 mm、最大应力为54.77 MPa，小于刀架材料Q345的屈服强度极限。模态分析结果表明：刀架前20阶固有频率的范围为32.61~257.83 Hz，与拖拉机产生的激励频率0~15 Hz不在同一区间内，因此秸秆切割方捆机在作业时不会产生共振现象。田间试验结果表明：秸秆切割揉碎方捆机纯工作小时生产率为4.49 t/h，成捆率为98.5%，规则草捆率为97.01%，抗摔率为95.52%，试验指标符合试验要求，刀架综合性能满足设计要求。     

Frequency Shift of Proca Light Caused by a Single Polarized Linearized Gravitational Wave

When light spreads in gravitational wave, its frequency is changed. Usually considering frequency gravitational shift, the rest mass of the photon is neglected. According to Proca equations of weight electromagnetic wave the authors investigate the Frequency shift of Proca light. The results of numerical estimation show that frequency shift of the photon has a small change when considering the rest mass of the photon and it is not detected at present experimental condition.     

松嫩平原不同生境寸草苔种群生殖分株的数量特征及生殖分配动态

通过对松嫩平原割草地的割草地段和休闲地段的单优势种群落和混生群落,以及多年休闲封育地段火烧处理的单优势种群落和混生群落计3种生境6个群落的取样测定,研究了寸草苔种群生殖分株在开花期和籽实成熟期的数量特征和生殖分配的时空动态.从开花期和籽实成熟期,寸草苔生殖分株高与分株生物量变化幅度具一致性,分别平均增长了211%和207%;穗长平均增长了9%,但穗生物量则增加了152%.生殖分配在开花期空间变异性较小,籽实成熟期增大.寸草苔种群生殖分株的生殖分配与分株高和分株生物量之间的关系,多数种群是在开花期以后形成并逐渐趋于稳定的线性变化规律.