药物防治蝇害的研究进展

蝇害已经成为危害规模化畜禽养殖的重要问题。文章回顾了防治蝇害的三代杀虫剂的发展过程和存在的问题 ;展望了作为新一代环境友好防治蝇害药物的昆虫生长调节剂的开发前景。     

The complete mitochondrial genome and molecular phylogeny of Lueyang black-bone chicken

ABSTRACT

1. The objectives of the current study were to investigate the mitochondrial genome and molecular phylogeny of Lueyang black-bone chicken, and provide molecule base to preserve and explore the specific chicken strain.

2. Based on sequencing and clustering, the complete mitochondrial DNA map and sequences of Lueyang black-bone chicken were revealed, and two phylogenetic trees of Lueyang black-bone chickens based on D-loop sequences and the mitochondrial genome were constructed.

3. The results showed that the complete mitochondrial genome of Lueyang black-bone chickens is 16,784bp in size, consisting of 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, and one non-coding control region. The base composition of the complete mtDNA sequence is 30.28% for A, 23.78% for T, 32.42% for C, 13.52% for G. Additionally, 10 haplotypes of D-loop sequences in 32 Lueyang black-bone chickens were detected, which were distributed into 4 clades (A, B, C and E).

4. It was concluded that genetic diversity is wide in Lueyang black-bone chickens, and this strain has multiple maternal origins from different regions in China and neighbouring regions.     

波叶大黄白粉病病原菌的鉴定

正波叶大黄Rheum rhabarbarum L.隶属于蓼科Polygonaceae大黄属Rheum,是一种重要的药用植物。白粉病多发生在波叶大黄的叶部,会影响其光合作用进而降低其药用价值。据笔者统计,目前关于蓼白粉菌Erysiphe polygoni DC.在世界范围内的报道有很多~([1~9]),但其中关于蓼科Polygonaceae波叶大黄白粉病病原菌的报道较少,目前仅有1个     

Two Complete Mitochondrial Genomes From Leuctridae (Plecoptera: Nemouroidea): Implications for the Phylogenetic Relationships Among Stoneflies

The family-level relationships within Plecoptera have been a focused area of research for a long time. Its higher classification remains unstable, and the phylogenetic relationships within Plecoptera should be re-examined. Here, we sequenced and analyzed two complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of Paraleuctra cercia and Perlomyia isobeae of the family Leuctridae. We reconstructed the phylogeny of Plecoptera based on 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) from published stoneflies. Our results showed that the Bayesian inference and maximum-likelihood tree had similar topological structures except for the positions of two families, Peltoperlidae and Scopuridae. The Plecoptera is divided into two clades, the suborder Antarctoperlaria and the suborder Arctoperlaria. The two suborders subsequently formed two groups, Eusthenioidea and Gripopterygoidea, and Euholognatha and Systellognatha, which is consistent with the results of morphological studies. In addition, the Leuctridae is the earliest branch within the superfamily Nemouroidea. But the monophyly of Perloidea and Pteronarcyoidea are still not well supported.     

牡丹5个管家基因的克隆及其在系统进化分析中的应用

利用RT-PCR技术从牡丹组7个野生种和1个栽培种中分别克隆得到泛素延伸蛋白基因(ubiquitin,UBI)、素环蛋白基因(cyclophilin,CYP)、肌动蛋白基因(Actin)、葡萄糖六磷酸脱氢酶基因(glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase,G6PD)和β–微管蛋白基因(beta-tubulin,TUB)等5个管家基因的编码序列(coding sequence,CDS)。序列比对分析发现,5个管家基因序列均相对保守,其在牡丹7个野生种和1个栽培种中的保守性在99.04%~99.69%。利用5个管家基因分别构建了其在牡丹组8份材料中的系统进化树。5个系统进化树均将8份材料分成两组,即革质花盘亚组和肉质花盘亚组;由于5个管家基因核苷酸序列各自的保守性不同,在区分亚组成员间略有差异。综合分析5个管家基因构建的系统进化树可知,杨山牡丹(Paeonia ostii)和栽培牡丹(P.suffruticosa‘Luoyanghong’)常聚为一支,二者亲缘关系较近,因而推测杨山牡丹可能参与了栽培牡丹的形成;紫斑牡丹(P.rockii)和四川牡丹(P.decomposita)一直聚为一支,推测二者亲缘关系较近;黄牡丹(P.lutea)和紫牡丹(P.delavayi)一直聚为一支,推测这二者亲缘关系较近。狭叶牡丹(P.potaninii)与黄牡丹和紫牡丹分化较早,结合前人研究结果建议将狭叶牡丹作为一个独立的种。     

The genetic diversity and structure of 18 sheep breeds exposed to isolation and selection

The phylogenetic layout of the genotyped (30 microsatellite) 18 sheep breeds in this study demands and provides the opportunity to evaluate both neutral and adaptive components of genetic diversity in a naturally and artificially selected and subdivided sheep population. Seven Pramenka strains from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia characterized by a very low intensity of artificial selection, preserved the highest neutral genetic variability. Eight central and north‐western European breeds under considerable artificial isolation and selection preserved the lowest genetic variability. Only combinations of various phylogenetic parameters offer a reasonable explanation for underlying evolutionary forces working in the investigated island and mainland sheep breeds under variable natural and artificial selection. More than 60% of total genetic, diversity was allocated to virtually unselected Pramenka strains, and an additional 25% to native moderately selected Graue Gehoernte Heidschnucke and intensively selected Ostfriesische Milchschafe. Some economically very important breeds and strains did not contribute to a pool with maximal genetic diversity, while they play an important role in the cultural heritage of respective countries.     

Hepatitis E virus in Cuba: A cross-sectional serological and virological study in pigs and people occupationally exposed to pigs

Surveillance of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in risk groups is an important strategy to monitor its circulation pattern and to timely detect changes thereof. The aims of this cross-sectional study were to estimate the prevalence of HEV infections in pigs and humans from different regions of the country, to identify risk factors for increasing anti-HEV IgG prevalence and to characterize HEV strains. The presence of anti-HEV antibodies was assessed by commercial ELISA in serum samples from the general population, farm and slaughterhouse employees, as well as pigs sampled in the three regions of Cuba from February to September 2016. Overall, individuals with occupational exposure to swine or swine products (70/248, 28.2%) were 4 times more likely to be seropositive compared to the general population (25/285, 8.7%; OR: 4.18; p < .001). Within the risk group, risk factors included age, number of years working in a professional activity with direct exposure to swine, geographic region and distance between residence and closest professional swine setting, while wearing gloves had a protective effect. Prevalence of total anti-HEV antibodies in swine was 88.2% (165/187) and HEV RNA was detected by real-time RT-PCR in 9.2% (16/173) swine stools. All HEV strains sequenced clustered within genotype 3. Some strains clearly belonged to subtype 3a, while another group of strains was related with subtypes 3b and 3 k but partial HEV sequences did not allow unequivocal subtype assignment. These findings suggest that the high HEV exposure in Cuban individuals with swine-related occupations could be due to enzootic HEV in certain regions, direct contact with infectious animals or their products as well as environmental contamination.     

基于16S rRNA序列探讨我国海鳝科鱼类分子系统进化关系

为从分子水平分析海鳝科鱼类分子系统分类关系,澄清物种分类争议,实验通过PCR扩增获得我国海鳝科9个属26种鱼类16S r RNA序列片段,结合GenBank下载的其他海鳝科鱼类的序列进行分析。结果显示,进化树上,海鳝科主要形成裸海鳝亚科与海鳝亚科两个分支,裸海鳝亚科包括尾鳝属与鞭尾鳝属,海鳝亚科包括裸胸鳝属、裸海鳝属、勾吻鳝属、蛇鳝属等8个属,与形态分类结果一致。裸海鳝亚科分支中,尾鳝属与鞭尾鳝属形成平行的姐妹分支;海鳝亚科分支中,斑马裸海鳝单独形成一支,位于该分支基部,其他种类聚为另一支。分支I中裸胸鳝属、勾吻鳝属、蛇鳝属、海鳝属等属均无法形成单系,揭示这些种属可能是多系起源,与近期的分子水平研究观点相似。研究结果支持将斑马裸海鳝归为裸海鳝属,为单型属物种;虎斑鞭尾鳝归为鞭尾鳝属,与尾鳝属平行进化;拟蛇鳝从长海鳝属分离出来,归为拟蛇鳝属等分类观点。豹纹勾吻鳝与海鳝属关系十分接近,但其形态上还具有多个勾吻鳝属的基本特征,至于是否归为海鳝属,还需后续更多的分子与形态学研究加以验证。     

利用肠道菌群的分布和DNA序列对鲤科鱼类系统演化关系的研究

用检测到的肠道微生物菌群的含量对鲤科鱼类的草鱼（Ctenopharyngodon idellus)和青鱼（Mylopharyngodon piceus)、鲢（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)和鳙（Aristichthys nobilis)、鲤（Cyprinus carpiohaematopterus)和鲫（Carassius auratus)，团头鲂（Megalobrama amblycephala)和三角鲂（Megalopbrama terminalis）8个种进行系统演化分析。所获得的系统演化树中，每个亚科内的物种邻接为1个接点。在亚科间，雅罗鱼亚科与鳇亚科相邻领接1个共同接点。该接点与鲢亚科和鲤亚科连结为1个共同祖选接点。用线粒体基因中的cytb和ND4基因全序列分别构建5个亚科13和11个种的NJ树，这2个树在5个亚科之间的邻接拓扑结构上亦不相同。3种树可推出一个共同的结论是在所分析的亚科中鲤亚科为最原始的类群，而鲫是最原始的类型。     

4种鲷科鱼类的线粒体细胞色素b基因序列及分子系统学分析

从鲷科鱼类中黄猪鲷(Sparus latus)、黑鲷(S.macrocephalusM)、真鲷(Pagrosomus major)和平鲷(Rhabdosargus sarba)的线粒体DNA扩增出约430bp的细胞色素b(Cytb)基因，经Clastal X同源排序后得408bp序列，对该序列进行分析并结合GeneBank中黄鲷(Taius turnifrons)、灰鳍鲷(S.berda)、犁齿鲷(Evynnis japonica)和高背四长棘鲷(Argyrops spinifer)的该区段DNA序列比较，共发现126个核苷酸位点存在变异(30．7％)，序列中的转换大于颠换，碱基替换多发生在密码子的第3位点。黑鲷和灰鳍鲷亲缘关系最近，序列差异为3.8％；而黄鲷和平鲷的亲缘关系最远，序列差异为21．7％。用MEGA2．1软件中的NJ法构建的分子系统树，将上述8种类分为4组，其中黄鲷属、平鲷属和鲷属分类的结果与形态分类学的观点一致；而传统分类上把犁齿鲷、真鲷和高背四长棘鲷归为3个不同属，在本研究分子系统树中，这3个属却聚成一支。本研究目的在于从分子水平上阐明鲷科鱼类的分类与系统进化关系。