Effects of Irrigation Patterns and Nitrogen Fertilization on Rice Yield and Microbial Community Structure in Paddy Soil

Water and nitrogen (N) are considered the most important factors affecting rice production and play vital roles in regulating soil microbial biomass, activity, and community. The effects of irrigation patterns and N fertilizer levels on the soil microbial community structure and yield of paddy rice were investigated in a pot experiment. The experiment was designed with four N levels of 0 (N0), 126 (N1), 157.5 (N2), and 210 kg N ha-1 (N3) under two irrigation patterns of continuous water-logging irrigation (WLI) and water-controlled irrigation (WCI). Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis was conducted to track the dynamics of soil microbial communities at tillering, grain-filling, and maturity stages. The results showed that the maximums of grain yield, above-ground biomass, and total N uptake were all obtained in the N2 treatment under WCI. Similar variations in total PLFAs, as well as bacterial and fungal PLFAs, were found, with an increase from the tillering to the grain-filling stage and a decrease at the maturity stage except for actinomycetic PLFAs, which decreased continuously from the tillering to the maturity stage. A shift in composition of the microbial community at different stages of the plant growth was indicated by principal component analysis (PCA), in which the samples at the vegetative stage (tillering stage) were separated from those at the reproductive stage (grain-filling and maturity stages). Soil microbial biomass, measured as total PLFAs, was significantly higher under WCI than that under WLI mainly at the grain-filling stage, whereas the fungal PLFAs detected under WCI were significantly higher than those under WLI at the tillering, grain-filling, and maturity stages. The application of N fertilizer also significantly increased soil microbial biomass and the main microbial groups both under WLI and WCI conditions. The proper combination of irrigation management and N fertilizer level in this study was the N2 (157.5 kg N ha-1) treatment under the water-controlled irrigation pattern.     

酿酒酵母中磷脂合成相关基因突变对细胞自噬和液泡形态的影响

[目的]探讨酿酒酵母中磷脂合成相关基因突变对细胞自噬和液泡形态的影响.[方法]通过尼罗红染色观察酵母中磷脂合成相关基因突变后脂滴的形态;用绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)标记细胞自噬蛋白Atg8后,采用荧光显微镜和免疫印迹试验检测突变体细胞自噬的发生情况,并使用荧光染料FM4-64检测液泡形态;此外,检测相关突变体对吩嗪-1-羧酸(申嗪霉素)的敏感性.[结果]在营养有限条件下,酿酒酵母中磷脂合成相关基因突变体中脂滴的大小或数量受到不同程度的影响,但细胞自噬在常规检测条件下正常;其中磷脂酸胞苷转移酶编码基因CDS1突变导致液泡形态异常(碎片化),而其他磷脂合成相关基因突变不影响液泡形态;回补CDS1后,cds1-DAmP突变体中液泡形态恢复正常;此外,cds 1-DAmP突变体对吩嗪-1-羧酸处理更为敏感.[结论]酿酒酵母中脂滴和液泡形态异常不一定影响细胞自噬的正常进行,但可能影响其对外界环境的响应.     

土壤干旱对两品种小麦根际土壤微生物群落组成和酶活性的影响

采用双因素随机试验,在小麦孕穗期、灌浆期和成熟期研究了土壤干旱对两品种小麦根际土壤微生物丰度、多样性及4种酶活性(蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶、脲酶和脱氢酶)的影响。试验设4个处理,即分别在土壤干旱和正常水分下种植小麦"矮抗58"(P1)和"泛麦8号"(P2)。结果表明:与正常水分处理(种植P1和P2)相比,孕穗期,土壤干旱处理下小麦P1和P2根际土中普通细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌的丰度显著降低了11.3%和6.9%、8.4%和8.2%;灌浆期,干旱处理下小麦P1和P2根际土中丛枝菌根真菌的丰度明显下降了34.3%和21.8%;成熟期,干旱处理下小麦P1和P2根际土中革兰氏阳性细菌、真菌的丰度显著降低30.9%和8.6%、34.1%和17.3%。土壤干旱对微生物多样性无显著影响,却显著降低了孕穗期和灌浆期的碱性磷酸酶、脱氢酶活性和灌浆期的蔗糖酶活性,提高了成熟期的蔗糖酶活性。"矮抗58"比"泛麦8号"根际微生物多样性更高,但孕穗期其蔗糖酶活性更低。干旱与品种的交互作用对微生物各类群的丰度、多样性和4种酶活性的影响均不显著。综上,土壤干旱主要抑制微生物丰度,而品种间根际微生物多样性差异明显,干旱和品种均...     

基于磷脂脂肪酸生物标记法的松茸生长土壤微生物测定

为探明松茸生长土壤微生物群落的变化特征及其开发利用提供理论依据,运用磷脂脂肪酸生物标记法（PLFA）分析了黑龙江省松茸生长地246 m（山下部）、397 m（山中部）、531 m（山上部）和659 m（山顶部）不同海拔土壤的微生物群落结构特征。结果表明：革兰氏阴性菌和真菌表现为山中部＞山上部＞山顶部＞山下部,且差异显著（P ＜0．05）;革兰氏阳性菌、真菌／细菌比值和磷脂脂肪酸总量表现为山中部＞山上部＞山顶部＞山下部,但山中部与山上部差异不显著（P ＞0．05）;放线菌表现为山上部＞山中部＞山顶部＞山下部,且差异显著（P ＜0．05）;革兰氏阳性菌／革兰氏阴性菌比值表现为山顶部＞山下部＞山上部＞山中部,但山中部和山上部间差异不显著。土壤微生物多样性指数为山中部＞山上部＞山顶部＞山下部。经主成分分析,不同海拔高度土壤微生物群落结构间存在显著差异。     

两种颜色栉孔扇贝卵及其早期胚胎磷脂和核酸含量的比较

用钼蓝比色法和紫外分光光度法分别测定栉孔扇贝（Chlamys farrPri）两种颜色的卵子及其早期胚胎中磷脂含量和核酸含量，并进行比较。结果表明，橘红色卵子的RNA含量较浅黄色的略高，而两种颜色卵子的DNA含量却非常相似；在2细胞期，高受精率的受精卵其RNA量迅速增加，DNA和磷脂含量变化不大，但低受精率的受精卵相对未受精卵而言，其DNA、RNA和磷脂含量略有降低；在32～64细胞期，受精率高的胚胎中DNA和磷脂含量增加幅度大，RNA基本保持恒定。磷脂含量与卵子或胚胎的颜色可能有关，核酸、磷脂含量的变化与受精率高低有关。本实验旨为鉴定扇贝卵子的质量提供了科学依据。     

大豆磷脂的应用探讨

大豆磷脂是一种理想的多功能天然原料,具有广泛的应用前景。我国具有丰富的大豆资源,但是大豆磷脂的开发利用与国际世界先进水平相比,仍然存在很大的差距。概述了大豆磷脂的组成、结构和基本性质以及其分离提纯的研究进展,详细介绍了其在食品、医药、饲料等行业的应用,并对其开发前景做出展望。     

敌敌畏及1株高效降解菌对草莓叶际微生物群落结构的影响

为明确敌敌畏及1株高效降解菌(类球红细菌)对草莓叶际微生物群落结构的影响,采用非培养研究方法(PLFA法)对其进行了研究.结果表明:喷敌敌畏处理第1天PLFA含量显著下降,低于对照和其他处理;第3天PLFA含量显著上升,高于对照与其他处理;第7天PLFA含量与处理当天(0 d)无显著差异.喷敌敌畏加类球红细菌处理,第1天和第3天PLFA含量均显著高于对照,第7天PLFA含量与处理当天(0 d)无显著差异.PLFA含量主成分分析表明,喷敌敌畏处理与喷敌敌畏后再喷类球红细菌、喷水处理及对照之间均相距较远.敌敌畏对草莓叶际微生物群落结构产生一定的影响,类球红细菌通过降解作用改变敌敌畏的浓度而影响叶际微生物PLFA含量,高浓度的敌敌畏抑制了微生物的生长,使PLFA含量显著降低,而低浓度敌敌畏促进微生物的生长,使PLFA含量显著升高.     

Organic Fertilization in Traditional Mediterranean Grapevine Orchards Mediates Changes in Soil Microbial Community Structure and Enhances Soil Fertility

Soil microbial populations and their functions related to nutrient cycling contribute substantially to the regulation of soil fertility and the sustainability of agroecosystems. A field experiment was performed to assess the medium‐term effect of a mineral fertilizer and two organic fertilization systems with different nitrogen sources on the soil microbial community biomass, structure, and composition (phospholipid fatty acids, pattern, and abundance), microbial activity (basal respiration, dehydrogenase, protease, urease, β‐glucosidase, and total amount of phosphomonoesterase activities), and physical (aggregate stability) and chemical (total organic C, total N, available P and water‐soluble carbohydrates) properties in a vineyard under semiarid Mediterranean conditions after a period of 10 years. The three fertilization systems assayed were as follows: inorganic fertilization, addition of grapevine pruning with sheep manure (OPM), and addition of grapevine pruning with a legume cover crop (OPL). Both treatments, OPM and OPL, produced higher contents of total organic carbon, total N, available P, water‐soluble carbohydrates, and stable aggregates. The organic fertilization systems increased microbial biomass, shifted the structure and composition of the soil microbial community, and stimulated microbial activity, when compared with inorganic fertilization. The abundances of fungi and G+ bacteria were increased by treatments OPM and OPL, without significant differences between them. Organic and inorganic fertilization produced similar grapevine yields. The ability of the organic fertilization systems for promoting the sustainability and soil biological and chemical fertility of an agroecosystem under semiarid conditions was dependent of the organic N source. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

磷脂脂肪酸生物标记法分析养猪发酵床微生物群落结构的空间分布

采用磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipid Fatty Acids,PLFA)生物标记法分析发酵床大栏养猪微生物群落结构的空间分布特点。从发酵床的5个区域(A、B、C、D、E)和3个层次(表层、中间层和底层)采集垫料样品,利用Sherlock MIS 4.5系统分析各样品的PLFA。结果表明,15:00、17:00、a15:0等7种PLFA在各样品中均有分布,为完全分布型,而a12:0和17:1 w6分别只在A区和B区分布,为不完全分布型。指示细菌、真菌、放线菌、革兰氏阳性细菌(G+)、革兰氏阴性细菌(G-)的PLFA及总PLFA在D区表层分布量最大。在各垫料中,PLFA分布量均表现为细菌真菌放线菌。A区各层次的真菌/细菌比值显著高于其他区域(P0.05),而G+/G-比值则显著低于其他区域(P0.05)。多样性分析表明,不同区域和层次的垫料Simpson指数、Shannon指数和Pielou指数值均呈现显著差异(P0.05)。聚类分析表明,当兰氏距离为117.1时,可将各样品聚为两个类群:类群Ⅰ包含A区的垫料,其特征是指示不同微生物的PLFA种类少和含量低;类群Ⅱ包含其他4个区域的垫料。当兰氏距离为23.4时,B区和D区各层次样本聚在同一亚类群中,其PLFA种类多、含量高,而C区和E区各层次样本聚在另一亚类群中,其PLFA含量中等。主成分分析表明,主成分1和主成分2基本能将发酵床不同空间垫料样本区分出来,其中A区单独归在一类群,D区和B区归在一类群,C区和E区归在一类群,与聚类分析结果一致。综上,发酵床大栏养猪不同空间的微生物种群结构不同,A区微生物种类少、含量低,而B区和D区微生物种类多、含量高。     

Effects of methyl bromide fumigation,chloropicrin fumigation and steam sterilization on soil nitrogen dynamics and microbial properties in a pot culture experiment

Abstract

The effects of steam sterilization (SS), methyl bromide (MeBr) fumigation and chloropicrin (CP) fumigation on soil N dynamics and microbial properties were evaluated in a pot experiment. All disinfection treatments increased the NH⁺ ₄-N level and inhibited nitrification. The additional NH⁺ ₄-N in the CP treatment probably originated from the decomposition of microbial debris by surviving microbes, while that in the SS treatment was attributable to deamination processes of soil organic N occurring in a less labile fraction in addition to the decomposition of microbial debris. The MeBr fumigation increased the level of NH⁺ ₄-N without changing the soil microbial biomass. Based on the determinations of soil microbial biomass, substrate utilization activity (Biolog method) and microbial community structure (phospholipid fatty acid method), the effects of the MeBr, CP and SS treatments on the microbial community were compared. The MeBr fumigation had relatively mild and short-term effects on microbial biomass and activity, but altered the community structure drastically by promoting the growth of gram-positive bacteria. The CP fumigation had large and long-term impacts on microbial biomass and activity; the community structure remained unaffected except for the gram-negative bacteria. Steam sterilization had severe and persistent effects on all parameters. The severity of the effects decreased in the order SS ≥ CP > MeBr.