Alfalfa Phytoestrogen Content: Impact of Plant Maturity and Herbage Components

Legumes contain a range of non‐nutritional phytochemicals that may have health‐promoting effects in humans. In this study, we determined the concentrations of four phytoestrogens (coumestrol, apigenin, luteolin and quercetin) in field‐grown alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Differences between plants of different stages of maturity, between plant parts, and different canopy segments were assessed. The concentration of individual phytoestrogen in whole herbage varied between 15 and 225 μg g^?1 dry matter (DM) and was strongly affected by stage of maturity. Coumestrol and apigenin concentrations were highest at early vegetative stages, luteolin and quercetin at early vegetative and late flowering stages. All phytoestrogens were found in lowest concentrations at the early flowering stage (average 68 μg g^?1 DM); stage at which alfalfa is usually harvested when used as a forage source for animals. At vegetative stages, apigenin was the predominant phytoestrogen in herbage followed by coumestrol, the reverse being observed upon initiation of flowering; luteolin and quercetin were found at all stages in similarly lower concentrations. Concentrations of luteolin, quercetin and apigenin were 225, 410 and 690 % greater, respectively, in flowers than in leaves or stems; coumestrol concentration was similar between plant parts. In flowers and stems the predominant phytoestrogens were apigenin and quercetin, followed by coumestrol and luteolin. Similar concentrations (average 26 μg g^?1 DM) of each of the four phytoestrogens were found in leaves. Concentrations through the herbage canopy varied and were greatest at >60 cm from the soil surface for apigenin and coumestrol, but greatest at >60 and 0–20 cm for quercetin and at 0–20 cm for luteolin. The results suggest that if alfalfa is to be used as a source of phytoestrogens and is harvested for the production of herbal supplements or nutraceuticals, management will need to be adapted.     

达县分葱田甜菜夜蛾发生规律初步研究

采用系统调查方法研究了达县地区分葱田甜菜夜蛾的生活史、发生与环境的关系。甜菜夜蛾在达县分葱田1a发生6代,以三至五代为害最重,世代重叠。其数量消长与虫源、夏秋季气候、天敌、栽培管理等因素密切相关。通过调查分析提出本县初始虫源非本地虫源。     

Seed production of Chenopodium album in competition with field vegetables

Total weed control within a crop is both difficult and expensive to achieve, so that some weeds will often remain to set seed. The seed production resulting from these weeds will ultimately affect the sustainability of the weed control strategy. If too much is allowed to return each season there could be a gradual, but significant, increase in the potential weed flora over a number of seasons. Field trials were carried out in 2000 and 2001 to quantify the potential magnitude of this weed seed return from Chenopodium album L., grown at two planting densities either in pure stands or in competition with one of two crops (cabbage or onion). Crop and weed weights and weed seed production were notably greater in 2001. Both dry weight and seed production of C. album were suppressed by increasing planting density or by the presence of crop, with cabbage having a more suppressive effect. Despite the plasticity in seed production, a linear relationship was demonstrated between log weed seed production and log weed biomass that was robust over a range of competitive situations with onion and cabbage, at different planting densities and in growing seasons. The study also demonstrated that the relationship could be combined with an existing simple competition model to allow the consequences of incomplete weed control to be assessed in terms of potential weed seed return.     

Effects of in ovo injection of chrysin,quercetin and ascorbic acid on hatchability,somatic attributes,hepatic oxidative status and early post‐hatch performance of broiler chicks

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of in ovo injection of chrysin, quercetin and ascorbic acid on hatchability, somatic attributes, hepatic antioxidant status and early post‐hatch growth performance of broiler chicks. Four hundred and eighty embryonated broiler breeder eggs containing live 18‐day‐old embryos were divided into six groups of 80 eggs each. One group remained intact and served as a control group (i), whereas the other five groups were injected with the prepared injection solutions as follows: (ii) 0.05 ml distilled water; (iii) 0.05 ml distilled water containing 6 mg ascorbic acid; (iv) 0.05 ml dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); (v) 0.05 ml DMSO containing 4.5 mg quercetin; and (vi) 0.05 ml DMSO containing 4.5 mg chrysin. The hatchability rate, hatching weight, residual yolk sac weight, yolk sac‐free body weight, liver weight, hepatic glutathione peroxidase and total superoxide dismutase activities, as well as malondialdehyde concentrations, were not affected by the injected solutions. There were no differences between chicks hatched from the control and in ovo injected eggs in weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio from 0 to 11 days of age. However, the specific contrast performed between the in ovo injected groups and intact eggs revealed that in ovo injection significantly increased hatchability rate (p = .0493). This finding also implies that our injection procedure was harmless. In conclusion, the intra‐egg injection of chrysin, quercetin or ascorbic acid at the injection rates used in this study did not have a significant effect on hatchability, somatic characteristics, early growth performance and hepatic antioxidant status of broiler chicks. However, the overall hatchability was higher in the in ovo injected eggs as compared to non‐injected ones. These findings also confirmed the harmlessness of the procedure developed for in ovo injection in this study.     

一种脱水洋葱制品中微生物菌落总数的检测方法

建立一种准确检测脱水洋葱制品中菌落总数的方法.利用离心法对出口脱水洋葱制品中沙门氏菌进行预富集,以提高国标检测方法的致病菌检出率,弥补国标方法的不足,并对该方法的准确度进行评价.试验结果表明,样液中菌体经过高速离心后,99％以上的菌体可以从样液分离.与标准方法比对,高速离心法很好地解决了脱水洋葱粉样液中的抑菌成分的干扰,结果可靠准确,基本满足国标中食品安全标准要求,具有一定的实际推广意义.     

辽葱5号的选育

辽葱5号是以玉田县五叶齐大葱为母本、朝阳鳞棒葱为父本进行有性杂交，对杂交后代进行季节穿梭选择的方法，即用3年时间进行了3个世代的以株为单位的混合选择及以株系为单位的选择，最后留选1个经济性状整齐、生殖性状稳定的雄性可育母系，经系内混合授粉育成的大葱新品种。该葱生长旺盛、秋葱产量高、葱白较长、叶片直立性好、抗紫斑病能力较强，适合长季节栽培，生育期在120d以上，属中晚熟品种。冬贮干葱可食用率高，适宜北方各省、区种植。     

不同地区楼葱栽培种的性状与品质分析

为了研究不同地区楼葱的特性,试验对我国不同地区12个楼葱栽培种的数量性状和品质性状进行了测定分析。14个数量性状的相关分析结果显示,主成分分析数量指标后,单株质量、株高、假茎质量、花葶高、叶形指数和假茎指数影响分类;相关性分析说明主要数量指标间具有极显著相关性(P<0.01)。聚类分析后,遗传距离为3.1时可将楼葱种质根据所得主要数量性状分为4个类群。测定不同地区楼葱6个品质指标后,相关性分析结果表明,紧实度与蛋白质含量、干物质率、香辛油含量、总糖含量、游离氨基酸总量存在着极显著正相关或相关性,主成分分析表明主成分反映了89.99%的原有信息量,楼葱的干物质率与紧实度为主要成分;应用灰色关联度分析了品质与数量性状的关系,假茎直径、出叶孔间距、单株质量这3个数量性状对楼葱品质的影响居前3位。研究表明楼葱种质材料具有极其丰富的遗传多样性,宁夏同心2个地区黄水桥HSQ、石羊圈SYJ的楼葱种质距其他种质资源间亲缘关系最远且干物质率含量及紧实度最高。     

胡葱黄条病毒吉林毛葱分离物全基因组序列测定与分析

使用RT-PCR方法从吉林省疑似感染胡葱黄条病毒(Shallot yellow stripe virus,SYSV)的分蘖洋葱(毛葱)叶片中获得了SYSV吉林毛葱分离物SYSV-JL(MN607702)的全基因组序列。SYSV-JL的全长序列为10?427 nt,与GenBank已登录的3条SYSV全长或近全长序列在多个基因上保持着较高的序列一致性,但在P1基因上核苷酸和氨基酸序列一致性较低,分别为69.5%～84.2%和60.9%～76.9%,进一步通过变异分析发现,P1基因包含369个变异位点,表现出较为明显的高变异特征。系统发育分析显示,不同SYSV分离物具有较为明显的地区差异,SYSV-JL分离物与多个中国分离物系统发育关系较近。     

洋葱细胞质雄性不育系选育研究进展

 介绍了国内外洋葱细胞质雄性不育（CMS）系的选育及利用概况;对洋葱细胞质雄性不育机理和相关分子标记进行了综述;在此基础上对洋葱雄性不育的研究提出了几点建议。     

供硫和丛枝菌根真菌对洋葱生长和品质的影响

以珍珠岩为植物的生长基质盆栽试验,分别供给0.1、1.75和4 mmol/L三个不同硫水平的Long Ashton营养液,研究接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus versiform对洋葱（Allium cepa L.）生长和品质的影响。结果表明,接种丛枝菌根真菌显著的改善了宿主植物的磷营养水平,促进了洋葱的生长;而硫处理对洋葱生长的影响差异不显著,但随着供硫水平的提高植株地上部全硫含量和有机硫含量显著增加。接种菌根真菌对洋葱硫营养的影响受外界供硫水平的影响,在供硫0.1 mmol/L时降低了洋葱植株的硫含量;而在供硫1.75和4 mmol/L时显著改善了洋葱的硫营养状况,宿主植物的酶解丙酮酸（enzyme produced pyruvic acid, EPY）的含量也显著增加。说明丛枝菌根真菌能够帮助宿主植物吸收外界环境中硫营养成分,改善洋葱的硫营养状况及品质。