钙在橄榄树器官中的定量研究

本研究用原子吸收光谱法分析了果园土壤及橄榄树体各器官中钙量和不同组分钙的含量。结果表明：0～30cm土层中钙含量最高为0．65mg／g。橄榄器官中叶的钙含量最高为4．523mg／g，其次为根、果、结果枝。地上部器官钙含量由主干一主枝一结果枝一叶片逐渐增加。在各器官中钙主要以醋酸溶钙和盐酸溶钙的形式存在。     

Olive processing wastes for weed control

The herbicidal effect of olive processing wastes (OPW) on some weed species in wheat, maize and sunflower was investigated in the Aegean region of Turkey. In trials with maize and sunflower, OPW was applied as an air‐dried solid form at 3 and 4.5 kg m^?2. It provided an effectiveness level on Portulaca oleracea of 63–98%. In trials with wheat, OPW was applied as solid and liquid forms, each at two different doses, namely 4.5 and 6 kg m^?2 (solid), and 5 and 10 L m^?2 (liquid). Solid OPW provided a reduction in total weed coverage of 75% and 81% at doses of 4.5 and 6 kg m^?2, respectively. The weed coverage reduction by liquid OPW was 39% and 62% with 5 and 10 L m^?2, respectively. Apart from 12–26% reduction of the number of germinating seeds, OPW showed no toxic effects on maize and sunflower. Wheat was affected in the initial stages but no adverse effect was detected at harvest. It can be concluded that the herbicidal effect of OPW may be considered as an alternative to chemical weed control in some important summer crops (maize and sunflower) and for most of the weeds in winter wheat.     

Pre-breeding for resistance to Verticillium wilt in olive: Fishing in the wild relative gene pool

This study aimed to identify new sources of resistance to Verticillium wilt in olive. We evaluated various types of genotypes: wild olive trees (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris), genotypes belonging to related subspecie (Olea europaea subsp. guanchica) and genotypes coming from crosses between Picual cultivar and wild olive trees. Fifty-six genotypes were inoculated by dipping roots and then screened under controlled conditions to test their resistance to a highly virulent Defoliating isolate of Verticillium dahliae. Picual (susceptible) and Frantoio (resistant) were control cultivars. Wide variability and significant differences were obtained in the evaluated disease parameters. The Relative Susceptibility Index (RSI), summarizing the disease parameters, was used for final classification of genotypes. Thirteen genotypes were categorized as resistant: eight wild olives from different locations, two genotypes belonging to subsp. guanchica populations from Canary Islands and three genotypes obtained from one of the crosses Picual x wild. The identification of high levels of resistance to V. dahliae among wild olive genotypes may be helpful for the management of this disease. The resistant genotypes could be used as rootstocks for susceptible olive cultivars or parents in future breeding programs.     

云南丽江油橄榄介壳虫调查及防治试验

介壳虫危害影响丽江地区油橄榄引种产业的发展。2015年进行了丽江地区油橄榄介壳虫的调查及防治试验。结果表明,存在两种危害油橄榄的介壳虫,分别是油橄榄片盾蚧和矢尖盾蚧;不同品系油橄榄危害介壳虫种类与成虫和若虫种群数量有显著的差别。应用两种市场化学药剂不同剂量对两种介壳虫防治试验均显示有较强的杀虫效果,其中对若虫防治效果强于成虫,两次连续用药显著提高防治效果。     

橄榄鲜食新品系‘灵峰’和‘闽清2号’的主要性状综合评价

‘灵峰’和‘闽清2号’橄榄是从福州地区的‘长营’橄榄实生群体中筛选出的鲜食新品系。‘灵峰’橄榄果实椭圆形,平均单果重7.40 g,可食率81.00%,总糖4.10%,总酸1.16%,可溶性固形物11.40%,钙1230.00 mg.Kg-1;果皮黄绿色,果肉黄白色,果肉质地脆、化渣无涩味,回甘好,为晚熟类型。‘闽清2号’橄榄果实纺锤形,平均单果重7.60 g,可食率82.40%,总糖2.46%,总酸1.19%,可溶性固形物8.83%,钙627.33 mg.Kg-1;果皮绿色,果肉黄白色,果肉质地脆、化渣无涩味,风味清淡,并且表现出丰产和稳产特性,为中熟类型。‘灵峰’橄榄可作为鲜食品系,‘闽清2号’橄榄可作为鲜食兼加工品系。     

中国橄榄研究40年

橄榄是我国热带亚热带特色果树,栽培历史悠久。40年来,我国橄榄研究取得长足进步,在一些领域获得重大突破,有力地支撑了橄榄产业的发展。本文全面梳理40年来我国橄榄研究发展历程及取得的主要成绩,总结橄榄种质资源、栽培技术、果实品质、保鲜加工、药理活性和生物技术等方面取得的重要进展。针对我国橄榄产业存在的问题及发展趋势,建议加强橄榄应用基础研究及产业关键性技术研发,推动橄榄产业转型升级与绿色发展。     

不同品种油橄榄在丽江市的搭配种植试验

在丽江市不同海拔区域选择柯基、豆果、科拉蒂、城固32等4个油橄榄品种进行种植试验,连续进行3年的物候观察及产量测定,并经多因素方差分析和多重比较,以筛选出花期基本一致、挂果情况良好、连年产量稳定、大小年现象不明显、经济效益较为显著、能达到增产稳产目的的优良品种。结果表明,柯基和豆果两个油橄榄品种在不同立地条件下花期基本一致,可作为互为授粉品种搭配种植,两品种的产量较稳定,大小年现象不明显,适宜在丽江市适生区及同条件地区推广种植。     

Influence of partial substitution of dietary fish oil by vegetable oils on the metabolism of [1-14C] 18:3n-3 in isolated hepatocytes of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.)

The static or declining supply of fish oil from industrial fisheries demands the search of alternatives, such as plant (vegetable) oils, for diets in expanding marine aquaculture. Vegetable oils are rich in C₁₈ polyunsaturated fatty acids but devoid of the n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids in fish oils. Previous studies, primarily with salmonids, have shown that including vegetable oils in their diets increased hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of dietary partial substitution of fish oil (FO) with rapeseed oil (RO), linseed oil (LO) and olive oil (OO) on the desaturation /elongation and, -oxidation capacities of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 in isolated hepatocytes from European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.), in a simultaneous combined assay. Fish were fed during 34 weeks with diets containing 100% FO, or RO, LO and OO, each included at 60% with the balance being met by FO, with no detrimental effect upon growth or survival. The highest total desaturation rates were found in hepatocytes of fish fed FO diet (0.52±0.08 pmol/h/mg protein) and OO diet (0.43±0.09 pmol/h/mg protein), which represented 3.2% and 2.7% of total [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 incorporated, respectively. In contrast, lowest desaturation rates were presented by hepatocytes of fish fed LO and RO diets (0.23±0.06 and 0.14±0.05 pmol/h/mg protein, respectively) represented 1.4% and 0.9% of total [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 incorporated, respectively. The rates of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 β-oxidized were between 11-fold and 35-fold higher than desaturation. However, no significant differences were observed among β-oxidation activities in hepatocytes of fish fed any of the diets. The present study demonstrated that the European sea bass, as a carnivorous marine fish, presented a ‘marine’ fish pattern in the metabolism of 18:3n-3 to 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. This species appeared to have all the enzymic activities necessary to produce 22:6n-3 but presented only extremely low rates of fatty acid bioconversion. Furthermore, nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation was minimal, and dietary vegetable oils did not increase desaturase activities, and in RO and LO treatments the activity was significantly lower. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Characterizing environmental and spatial variables associated with the incidental catch of olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) in the Eastern Tropical Pacific purse‐seine fishery

In the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), a region of high fishing activity, olive ridley (Lepidochelis olivacea) and other sea turtles are accidentally caught in fishing nets with tuna and other animals. To date, the interaction between fishing activity, ocean conditions and sea turtle incidental catch in the ETP has been described and quantified, but the factors leading to the interaction of olive ridleys and fishing activity are not well understood. This information is essential for the development of future management strategies that avoid bycatch and incidental captures of sea turtles. We used Generalized additive models (GAM) to analyze the relationship between olive ridley incidental catch per unit effort (iCPUE) in the ETP purse‐seine fisheries and environmental conditions, geographic extent and fishing set type (associated with dolphins, floating objects or in free‐swimming tuna schools). Our results suggest that water temperature, set type and geographic location (latitude, longitude and distance to nesting beaches) are the most important predictor variables to describe the probability of a capture event, with the highest iCPUE observed in sets made over floating objects. With the environmental predictors used, sea surface temperatures (SST) of 26–30°C and chlorophyll‐a (chl‐a) concentrations <0.36 mg m^?3 were associated with the highest probability of an incidental catch. Temporally, the highest probability of an incidental catch was observed in the second half of the year (June to December). Four regions were observed as high incidental catch hotspots: North and south of the equator between 0–10°N; 0–10°S and from 120 to 140°W; and along the Colombian coast and surrounding regions.     

优质鲜食橄榄新品种‘甜榄1号’选育研究

‘甜榄1号’是从大量橄榄实生树中选出的橄榄鲜食新品种。果实梭形,果皮黄绿色,纵横径3．0cm×1．7cm,平均单果重5．5g,果实可溶性固形物含量11．9％,可食率78．2％。在福建省闽清县,果实于11月中下旬成熟。果肉黄白色,肉质细嫩清脆,化渣,风味香甜,回味好,鲜食品质明显优于‘檀香’等现有主栽鲜食品种。