沼泽湿地开垦对土壤水热条件和性质的影响

湿地具有重要的生态和环境功能.三江平原沼泽湿地的大面积垦殖,已对区域生态平衡及气候环境产生了一定的影响.湿地开垦后,土壤水、热条件发生较大变化,土壤温度的增高及氧化-还原条件的改变,促进了土壤有机质的分解和土壤呼吸通量的增大.土壤有机碳、氮素含量随湿地开垦及开垦年限的增加而不断降低.沼泽湿地开垦初期5～7年,土壤有机碳及其它营养元素的含量变化幅度较大,持续耕作15～20年后,土壤有机碳损失曲线趋于平缓.湿地开垦后,土壤有机质输入量的减少及分解作用加强导致土壤容重和比重的增大,其变化趋势与土壤有机碳损失趋势相一致.     

向海沼泽湿地土壤特征及可持续利用

基于对向海沼津湿地土壤形成条件和主要成土过程的研究，将其沼泽土壤划分为4个亚类型，并分别描述了各自的分布规律和剖面特征。在向海沼泽湿地土壤盐渍化、沙化、退化问题日益严重的大前提下提出了可持续开发利用对策。     

亚热带泥炭藓沼泽生态学研究概述

泥炭藓沼泽多分布于北半球的温带到负极带地区,在我国,泥炭藓沼泽主要发育在大、小兴安岭和长白山等地。在亚热带,大面积的泥炭藓沼泽较为少见。经过对鄂西七姊妹山、二仙岩和寒池泥炭藓沼泽的系统研究,并结合神农架大九湖泥炭藓沼泽的研究文献,对我国典型亚热带亚高山的4处较大面积的泥炭藓沼泽的生态学特征做了概述。     

Short-term effects of retention felling at mire sites on boreal spiders and carabid beetles

Green-tree retention is an integral part of forest management in the boreal zone. Retention of small spruce mires, proposed as ‘key habitats’ for many forest organisms, is recommended while logging, but the efficiency of such practices for the maintenance of forest species is poorly understood. Hence, we studied boreal spiders and carabid beetles at 11 retained mire patches (up to 0.55 ha) in Eastern Finland during 1998–2001. The adjacent surrounding drier forests of the focal mires were clear-cut during the winter of 1998/1999. We evaluated the importance of micro-habitat type (retention, edge or clear-cut plot), time since logging, and retention-patch size in determining the assemblages of spiders and carabids. Following logging, species associated with forests and mires generally decreased both in the retained mire patches and in their adjacent clear-cuts. In a GLMM, the number of standing trees in a retention patch – a surrogate for retention-patch size – had no significant effect on most of the tested species, but plot type (retention patch, its edge or clear-cut) was significant for many species. Semi-open-habitat species and open-habitat specialists increased following logging, especially in the clear-cut plots but even within the retention patches. In contrast, mature-forest and moist-habitat specialists became significantly less abundant in clear-cuts than in retention patches following logging. Spider assemblages showed pre-harvest differences among the mires, their edges and adjacent drier forests, but the fauna of logged plots rapidly diverged from that of mire and edge plots. However, after a 1–2 summers time lag, the spider fauna of mires and edges changed toward clear-cuts. For spiders, the post-harvest sample heterogeneity was significantly lower in clear-cuts than in retention patches, including their edges. Carabid responses were generally ambiguous. Multivariate regression trees showed that the number of trees in a forest patch better determined the spider assemblage structure than study area, study year or micro-site type (retention patch, its edge or clear-cut), indicating a strong impact of logging. For carabids, however, the study area better determined the assemblage structure; the other factors were of minor importance. Our results suggest that, as the spider and carabid faunas of the retention patches had drastically changed following logging, (i) retention patches should be considerably larger than the studied size range to efficiently maintain a ‘mire core’ spider and carabid assemblage; (ii) the effect of logging may take years to appear; (iii) spiders were more sensitive to habitat change than carabids; and (iv) harvesting not only changes the relative abundances of forest- and open-habitat associated species but it may also locally decrease the faunal variation.     

Changes of plant cover and land use types (1950's to 1980's) in three mire reserves and their neighbourhood in Estonia

The dynamics of plant cover and land use types in three study areas - Keava (1192.05 ha), Meenikonna (1513.35 ha) and Nätsi-Võlla (888.61 ha) mire landscapes, each divided into natural (N) and anthropogenous (A) subareas, was investigated by repeated aerial photo (black-and-white panchromatic, 1:10,000) interpretation. Nineteen plant cover and land use (PC&LU) types were differentiated and three contour maps were drawn for each study area (corresponding to 1950's, 1960's and 1980's).The dynamics of mire landscapes were modelled by transition matrices P = [P_ij], which contain the transition probabilities between i-th and j-th PC&LU types during the time interval between the aerial photographs. A total of 12 transition matrices were constructed.In A-subareas peat milling was started in the middle of the 60's whereas N-subareas acquired mire reserve status in 1981, which is manifested in a different development. 93% of N-subarea and 69% of the A-subarea remained unchanged from the 50's to the 80's. The increase of anthropogenous land use types in A-subareas of Keava, Meenikonna and Nätsi-Võlla were respectively 0.84%, 0.32% and 1.17% per year.Two different matrices (I and II period) were used to predict the future state of the study areas. The applicability of the transition matrix model has been discussed by comparing matrices of different base periods. Errors arising from photointerpretation, contour input, (transition) area measurement, matrix reduction etc. are evaluated.     

长白山区沟谷湿地乌拉苔草沼泽土壤环境效应

采用现场采样及室内培养分析的方法研究了长白山区沟谷乌拉苔草沼泽湿地土壤的环境效应。结果表明,土壤表层微生物量最高,随着土壤剖面的加深而逐渐减少;长白山区沟谷乌拉苔草沼泽湿地土壤比三江平原乌拉苔草沼泽湿地土壤有机质分解、土壤腐殖质合成及土壤养分的转化能力强。土壤磷酸酶在春季对金属元素影响较大,在夏季对非金属元素影响较大;在乌拉苔草衰老过程中土壤脲酶主要影响土壤氮素和钙离子;乌拉苔草的地上部分枯萎之后主要影响土壤重金属元素。乌拉苔草湿地还具有防止土壤侵蚀的作用。     

气候变化对东北沼泽湿地潜在分布的影响

东北地区是我国沼泽湿地分布最广泛的地区。为研究沼泽湿地对气候变化的响应,选取了对沼泽湿地分布可能存在影响的26个环境因子,利用最大熵(Maximum Entropy, MaxEnt)模型模拟了沼泽湿地基准气候条件下的潜在分布,并预测了气候变化情景下2011-2040 年、2041-2070 年和2071-2100 年3个研究阶段东北沼泽湿地潜在分布。研究结果表明:最大熵模型预测精度较高(平均AUC(Aera Under Curve)为(0.826±0.005))。基准气候条件下东北沼泽潜在分布区主要为大小兴安岭和三江平原地区。随着时间的推进,东北地区沼泽湿地原有潜在分布面积明显减少,而新增潜在分布面积较少,总面积呈现急剧减少趋势。至2071-2100年,原有沼泽湿地潜在分布面积将减少99.80%,新增潜在分布面积仅2.48%,总潜在分布面积减少97.32%。空间分布上,东北沼泽湿地潜在分布呈现由东向西迁移,南北向中心收缩的趋势。研究结果可为东北地区沼泽湿地保护政策的制定提供参考。     

Microbial Community and Rate of Cellulose Decomposition in Peat Soils in a Mire

A field survey was carried out from April to October, 1992 in the Miyatoko Mire in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, to determine the characteristics of the microbial community and cellulose decomposition rates in the peat soil. A total of 14 study sites were selected, including three types; hummocks (type I), hollows covered with Sphagnum (type II), hollows and streams without Sphagnum (type III). The numbers of fungi (2-1,000×10⁴ CFU g^-1) and bacteria (8.5-9,000 ×10⁵ CFU g^-1) varied with the sites and sampling dates: seasonal fluctuations were especially high in hummocks. The numbers of cellulolytic fungi (4.7-300×;10⁴ CFU g^-1) and cellulolytic bacteria (1.5-9.2×10⁵ CFU g^-1) also differed between sites. Cellulolytic fungi were predominant in the Sphagnum peat of type I, while cellulolytic bacteria were predominant in the peat soil of type III. Decomposition rates of cellulose filter paper for the 6 month period ranged from 0.01 to 0.83, and tended to be higher in the peat of type II than type I.     

试论食品安全监管的困境与对策

民以食为天。近年来,我国的食品安全事件频发,究其原因食品安全监管不力便是其中之一。我国的食品安全监管正面临着法律法规不健全,监管机制不健全和食品安全监管落后等现实困境,在比较分析美国、日本和欧盟的食品安全监管的体系的基础上,就现实问题提出完善相关的立法,信息公开和公众参与,借鉴国外的先进经验的建议与对策。     

Composition and origin of underground arthropod fauna in an extrazonal permafrost soil of central Europe

Summary Evaporation cold brings about all-season icing of the soil that covers an aerated talus deposit (Mount Matzen, Carinthia, Austria; about 1100 m above sea level). This extrazonal permafrost area represents a very rare mire type (condensation water mire) as well as a particular sort of underground biotope, a milieu souterrain superficiel. The subterranean fauna is poor in species and is characterized by troglobitic artropods such as the catopid beetle Aphaobius milleri brevicornis, the dipluran Paurocampa n.sp. and the Collembola Onychiurus mildneri and O. vomatscheri. All these species were confirmed in neighbouring caves.The thick talus layer has been accumulated under peri- and postglacial conditions. Today it spreads out over the karstic bedrock and covers the interconnected rock fissures, the source of the subterranean fauna. The Holocene origin of the talus mantle suggests a (sub-)recent colonization of the permafrost interstice by cave-dwelling species.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. M.S. Ghilarov