Effects of Large Saddle Panels on the Biomechanics of the Equine Back During Rising Trot: Preliminary Results

The saddle panels, directly in contact with the horse's back, are likely an important element to optimize the fitting of the saddle, the comfort of the horse, and subsequently, the pain management in dorsalgic horses. The aim of this study was to better understand the effect of the saddle panels on the horse's back, by evaluating a prototype saddle (comfort panels: CP) compared to a standard saddle (STD). The horse's back movements were measured using inertial measurement units (IMUs) fixed at the levels of thoracic vertebrae T6, T12, T16 (under the saddle) and lumbar vertebrae L2 and L5. The centers of mass (COMs) of the horse and the rider and limb's protraction-retraction angles, pressure between saddle and horse's back, and force on the stirrups were measured using respectively 2D motion capture, pressure mat and force sensors in the stirrup leather. Three horses were trotted at the rising trot (sitting: left diagonal-rider seated; standing: right diagonal-rider standing) by the same rider. To compare saddles, linear mixed-effects regression models were used. The estimated means (SE) were calculated. During sitting phase, pressure in the cranial and middle areas of the saddle significantly increased for CP compared to STD (+0.9 (0.2) kPa and +1.0 (0.1) kPa, respectively) whereas caudal pressure decreased (−1.8 (0.4) kPa). Concurrently, the range of motion of angles T12-T16 and T16-L2 under the saddle significantly increased (+1.8 (0.2)° and +2.3 (0.3)°, respectively). The results showed that modifications of the panels' shape not only affect the pressure distribution but also the kinematics of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the equine back.     

散养成乳牛舍环境测定

以一栋散养成乳牛舍为对象，系统地测定了舍内外的气温、气湿、风速、辐射强度、黑体温度及屋顶热流量。结果表明：从６月１日—９月１０日，舍内旬均气温都在２３．４３℃以上，舍内１４：００气温旬均值都在２８℃以上，舍内旬均ＴＨＩ都超过７１．７１；屋顶热流量曲线的斜率很大、峰值出现于１４：００，并且与舍外黑体温度呈高度的正相关；舍内与舍外的黑体温度、辐射强度分别呈中等以上的正相关；冬季舍内寒冷，同时受舍外气流影响大。笔者认为，通过增加牛舍高度、先用高热阻屋面材料和冬季防风可望改进此类牛舍的环境。     

家兔选育性状典型相关分析

选择日本大耳白和新西兰两个品种家兔的生长、繁殖、以及体尺3组共17个性状，应用多元统计方法进行了典型相关分析，结果表明；日本大耳白兔的初生重、初生窝重、21日龄重、泌乳力、胸围等5个性状，新西兰兔的产活仔数、初生重、21日龄重、泌乳力、断奶窝重、母兔体重等6个性状为主要性状。     

低温热水地板供暖系统简述

本文介绍了低温热水地板供暖系统的特点。对设计中存在的几个问题进行分析:热负荷计算问题、户内系统阻力损失和地板加热盘管敷设形式及间距选择问题。     

郁闭林分中立木树高的重建技术研究

将立木分为枝下高与树冠高2部分,通过近距离获取枝下高图像对,用立体视觉方法重建枝下高不同部位直径与倾角,以此为基础估计树冠高部分,进而得到树木高度.试验地包括银杏、水杉2个树种,与实际树高相比,重建树高中最大误差是0.043 5,最小误差为0.007 2.其中3号树(水杉)单侧误差仅为0.002 6,表明与干曲线结合的立体视觉重建策略在恢复郁闭林分中立木树高是可行的.     

An aggregation index (AI) to quantify spatial patterns of landscapes

There is often need to measure aggregation levels of spatial patterns within a single map class in landscape ecological studies. The contagion index (CI), shape index (SI), and probability of adjacency of the same class (Qi), all have certain limits when measuring aggregation of spatial patterns. We have developed an aggregation index (AI) that is class specific and independent of landscape composition. AI assumes that a class with the highest level of aggregation (AI =1) is comprised of pixels sharing the most possible edges. A class whose pixels share no edges (completely disaggregated) has the lowest level of aggregation (AI =0). AI is similar to SI and Qi, but it calculates aggregation more precisely than the latter two. We have evaluated the performance of AI under varied levels of (1) aggregation, (2) number of patches, (3) spatial resolutions, and (4) real species distribution maps at various spatial scales. AI was able to produce reasonable results under all these circumstances. Since it is class specific, it is more precise than CI, which measures overall landscape aggregation. Thus, AI provides a quantitative basis to correlate the spatial pattern of a class with a specific process. Since AI is a ratio variable, map units do not affect the calculation. It can be compared between classes from the same or different landscapes, or even the same classes from the same landscape under different resolutions.     

基于ZigBee技术的农业设施测控系统的设计

为了提高农业设施群的自动化和信息化水平,研究了国内外农业设施测控系统的结构特点,以有线通信与无线通信相结合的方法,构建了结构相对灵活、价格相对便宜的农业设施测控网络系统。介绍了承载ZigBee技术的真正片上系统(SoC)——无线单片机CC2430的特征、优点和应用准则,重点阐述了基于无线网络通信技术ZigBee的农业设施测控系统的设计与实现方法以及运行效果。     

测量水技术在宁夏灌区的应用与发展

为实现灌区测量水规范化、标准化和自动化提供参考依据,保证灌区有限水资源科学管理与合理配置,达到公平和高效的利用目的,针对宁夏灌区测量水技术的发展现状进行了综合阐述.总结宁夏目前所采用的量水方法和在生产实际应用中存在的问题,提出灌区量水技术的发展趋势,通过提高灌区测量水的技术装备和测试手段,旨在提高灌区测量水技术水平和精度的有效保证.     

基于混沌的超声物位检测系统的研究

物位检测技术在现代化工业控制中占有重要地位。由于现场具体的安装环境不同,被测介质种类和状态不同,情况异常复杂,因此必须根据具体的现场工况,合理地选择物位检测的方法和产品。为此,提出了一种基于混沌理论的超声波物位检测系统,并论述了信号处理方法,从而能准确识别噪声干扰与超声波回波信号,提高了物位检测精度。     

用毛细吸渗原理快速测量土壤田间持水量的研究

田间持水量是衡量田间土壤保持水分能力的重要指标,视为对作物有效的土壤水分的上限,对农田灌溉和作物水分管理具有十分重要意义。该研究提出了能快速测量土壤田间持水量的新型毛细吸渗法。该方法以田间持水量为无地下水影响下土壤基质所能吸持的最大含水量为物理基础,设计了一套满足田间持水量要求的实验方法、装置和程序,采用5种不同土壤测量了其田间持水量,并与用威尔科克斯法测量得到的田间持水量进行了对比。结果表明：所提出的新型测量方法,无论是基本原理还是室内试验均可行。与威尔科克斯法相比,其测量值略微偏小;两种测量值相关性很好,相差约为9％,产生这种现象的原因主要是土壤的吸湿过程与脱湿过程中土壤含水率的滞后所致。与传统的测量方法相比,该方法可大大缩短测量时间,具有利用前景。