木耳内酯豆腐的工艺研究

以大豆、木耳为原料,以葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯(GDL)为凝固剂,研究了木耳内酯豆腐的加工工艺,并以产品的凝固状态、弹性、质地、风味、口感等感官特性为产品品质评价指标。通过正交试验研究了豆浆浓度、木耳添加量、葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯添加量对木耳内酯豆腐质量的影响。结果表明,大豆和水的质量比为1∶5,木耳质量分数为5%,葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯质量分数为0.3%时,木耳内酯豆腐具有良好的凝固效果,且口感细腻、弹性强。     

马桑毒素致毒后试虫酯酶同工酶变化的时序分析

采用Pearson相似性比较及欧氏聚类法,对马桑毒素处理后试虫血液、中肠及组织酯酶同工酶谱及酶带数量随时间的变化进行了分析和比较.结果表明:处理组侧柏毒蛾幼虫的中肠、组织、血液的酯酶同工酶在处理后1～4 h之间酶带数减少,8～12 h内酶带增多,24 h以后这种激应性变化相对稳定.试虫受马桑毒素干扰后可使虫肠组织的分子量相对较小、组织及血液中分子量为中等的酯酶的酶谱变化较大,但是该毒素侵入虫体后的后期致毒性与前期基本接近,毒性效应有较为稳定的持续性.     

RP-HPLC测定木槟硝黄散中木香烃内酯、去氢木香内酯的含量

建立了RP-HPLC法测定木槟硝黄散中木香烃内酯与去氢木香内酯含量的方法。用十八烷基键合硅胶柱分离木槟硝黄散中木香烃内酯与去氢木香内酯,以甲醇-水(60∶40)为流动相,检测波长225 nm。木槟硝黄散中木香烃内酯与去氢木香内酯的线性范围分别为4.14~41.4μg/m L和3.59~35.9μg/m L,平均回收率分别为99.23%、99.00%(n=6)。该方法简便、快速,可用于木槟硝黄散中木香烃内酯与去氢木香内酯的含量测定。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-acyl-homoserine lactone-mediated quorum sensing blockage,a novel strategy for attenuating pathogenicity of Gram-negative bacterial plant pathogens

Quorum sensing is a bacterial communication mechanism by which bacteria sense their own population size and couple specific gene expression to cell density. In Gram-negative bacteria, the most commonly used quorum sensing signals are N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs). It is now apparent that many pathogenic bacteria employ quorum sensing to control premature expression of virulence factors. This control is thought to decrease the likelihood that the plant host would detect the pathogens presence and activate its defense system. Novel strategies that target bacterial quorum sensing systems in order to control plant bacterial diseases are discussed.     

银杏叶中黄酮和萜类内酯分离工艺条件优化

用闪式硅胶柱层析分离纯化银杏叶中有效成分黄酮醇苷和萜类内酯工艺条件的优选。用不同极性溶剂(乙醚、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、乙醇)对加样品后的闪式硅胶层析柱进行洗脱,收集洗脱液,采用高效液相色谱法分别测定每份洗脱液中黄酮醇苷和萜类内酯的含量,从而筛选出应用闪式硅胶柱层析时,最佳的洗脱液种类和用量为:萜类内酯用3倍床体积的乙酸乙酯洗脱,黄酮醇苷用4倍床体积的丙酮洗脱即得。     

Penicillinolide A: A New Anti-Inflammatory Metabolite from the Marine Fungus Penicillium sp. SF-5292

In the course of studies on bioactive metabolites from marine fungi, a new 10-membered lactone, named penicillinolide A (1) was isolated from the organic extract of Penicillium sp. SF-5292 as a potential anti-inflammatory compound. The structure of penicillinolide A (1) was mainly determined by analysis of NMR and MS data and Mosher’s method. Penicillinolide A (1) inhibited the production of NO and PGE₂ due to inhibition of the expression of iNOS and COX-2. Penicillinolide A (1) also reduced TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 production, and these anti-inflammatory effects were shown to be correlated with the suppression of the phosphorylation and degradation of IκB-α, NF-κB nuclear translocation, and NF-κB DNA binding activity. In addition, using inhibitor tin protoporphyrin (SnPP), a competitive inhibitor of HO activity, it was verified that the inhibitory effects of compound 1 on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and NF-κB DNA binding activity were partially associated with HO-1 expression through Nrf2 nuclear translocation.     

Anthelmintic resistance and management of nematode parasites on beef cattle-rearing farms in the North Island of New Zealand

AIM: To provide information on current farmers’ opinions and farming practices thought to be related to anthelmintic resistance, and to test for associations between the presence of anthelmintic resistance and management practices on beef cattle- rearing farms in the North Island of New Zealand.

METHODS: A study using an interview-based questionnaire about management of internal parasites was conducted on 62 beef cattle-rearing farms in the North Island of New Zealand, using case-control analyses to test for associations between management practices and the presence or absence of resistance to ivermectin or albendazole. Resistance was inferred from faecal nematode egg count (FEC) reduction (FECR) tests (FECRTs) when there was <90% reduction in FEC 7-10 days after treatment of calves <12 months of age.

RESULTS: Of the 59 farmers who completed the questionnaire, most (n=40) ranked parasites highly, and at about the same level as quality and quantity of feed, as important production-limiting factors for their enterprises. In contrast, anthelmintic resistance was not perceived to be a problem on 13 farms, and its importance was rated low on 24, moderate on 15, and high on only six farms. Despite all farms having planned parasite control programmes, there was heavy reliance on clinical signs of parasitism to determine frequency of treatments. About one in three farmers with beef breeder cows routinely treated their calves at marking, one in five treated mixed-age cows, and almost half treated rising 2-year-old cows before calving. One in four farmers used anthelmintics on calves on 8–12 occasions in their first year of life. Co-grazing with other species was rare, but follow-on grazing within 3 months after older cattle or sheep was common. On most farms, grazing cattle was restricted to part of the farm, a finding with implications for parasite control and persistence of larvae in refugia. Macrocyclic lactone (ML) anthelmintics or their combinations with other action families were currently, and for the past 5 years, used more frequently than benzimidazoles and levamisole, and benzimidazole-levami- sole combinations. The prevalence of resistance to ivermectin was high (82%) and no plausible model of associations could be constructed from the data. The prevalence of resistance to albendazole was 60%, and the risk of resistance increased as the number of rising 1-year-old cattle present mid-winter increased, and decreased as the number of breeding cows >2 years old present mid-winter increased.

CONCLUSION: It is clear that in practice anthelmintic resistance is a secondary consideration to obtaining productivity advantages from the use of anthelmintics in beef cattle. Farmers’ opinions were divided on many issues and the overall impres- sion was of confused and diverse thinking regarding the principles of the use of anthelmintics. The overall outlook regarding anthelmintic resistance in cattle is bleak unless the need for integrated and long-term research activities is acted upon soon.     

Field studies investigating anthelmintic resistance in young cattle on five farms in New Zealand

AIM: To investigate the efficacy of pour-on anthelmintics against field strains of parasitic nematodes in young cattle on five farms in New Zealand.

METHODS: Faecal nematode egg count (FEC) reduction (FECR) tests were carried out on five calf-rearing farms using pour-on formulations of levamisole, ivermectin, eprinomectin, and the simultaneous administration of levamisole and ivermec- tin. Faecal samples were collected per rectum before treatment and about 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after treatment, for FEC and faecal nematode larval culture.

RESULTS: Resistance (i.e. <95% reduction in FEC) of Cooperia oncophora to ivermectin and eprinomectin was identified on all five farms. There was limited evidence of possible emerging resistance in Ostertagia spp to ivermectin but not eprinomectin, in short-tailed larvae of Cooperia spp to ivermectin and eprinomec- tin, and in Trichostrongylus spp to ivermectin, eprinomectin and levamisole used separately. Levamisole was effective against C. oncophora, but had variable efficacy against Ostertagia spp in the calves in this study. Simultaneous treatment with levamisole and ivermectin pour-on formulations were effective against all genera on all farms.

CONCLUSIONS: To effectively manage roundworm parasites in their calves farmers need to be aware of the resistance status of the parasites on their farms. Levamisole is likely to be an effective anthelmintic on most farms at times of the year when the impact of Ostertagia spp is not high. Simultaneous administration of levamisole and ivermectin pour-on anthelmintics to cattle is likely to control both ML-resistant C. oncophora and stages of Ostertagia spp that are not controlled by levamisole alone.