Further data to the aetiology, pathogenesis and therapy of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis

Out of a total of 224 bovine eye secretions, 126 Moraxella bovis and 64 Neisseria ovis strains were isolated. The pathogenesis and histological lesions caused by Neisseria ovis have been studied on the eyes of three calves naturally affected with IBK, using electron microscopy.

Neisseria ovis caused in 1–12 weeks old calves acute, transient and mostly benign serous conjunctivitis with only slight affection of the cornea. More rarely erosions and even ulceration of the cornea have been observed.

Moraxella bovis and Neisseria ovis strains proved nearly unanimously sensitive in vitro to chloramphenicol, neomycin, oxytetracyclin, nitrofurantoin, erythromycin and cefoperazone. Other antibiotics and chemotherapeutics inhibited the growth of these agents only partly or were ineffective.

Experimental therapy has been carried out using a single i.m. injection of Terramycin/LA inj. (Pfizer) in a dose of 20 mg/kg body mass, repeated if necessary after 72–96 h. This formulation proved more effective and practical than treatments used earlier.     

A comparison of the effect of short-acting and long-acting cloxacillin-based dry-cow therapy on somatic cell counts after calving in cows also given internal teat sealants

AIM: To compare, in cows treated with an internal teat sealant, the effect of short-acting and long-acting cloxacillin-based dry-cow therapy on somatic cell counts (SCC) after calving.

METHODS: Cows from a spring-calving, pasture-based dairy farm in the Manawatu-Whanganui region of New Zealand were randomly allocated to receive either a short-acting cloxacillin and ampicillin dry-cow therapy and internal teat sealant (n=291) or a long-acting cloxacillin and ampicillin dry-cow therapy and internal teat sealant (n=288) at the end of lactation. Cows were managed on-farm with routine husbandry procedures through the dry period and following calving. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to determine the association between length of action of dry-cow therapy and the proportion of cows with a SCC >150,000?cells/mL at the first herd test after calving.

RESULTS: Age of cow, mean SCC for the preceding season and interval from calving to the first post-calving herd test were all associated with the proportion of cows with an individual SCC >150,000?cells/mL at the first herd test (p<0.001) Treatment with the short-acting dry-cow therapy was not associated with decreased odds of cows having a SCC >150,000?cells/mL at the first herd test compared with treatment with long-acting dry-cow therapy (OR=0.724; 95% CI=0.40–1.30).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In this herd, which routinely used internal teat sealants, the use of short-acting cloxacillin-based dry-cow therapy did not result in an increased proportion of cows with elevated SSC post-calving. This was a single farm, single year study but indicates that in this herd, changing from a long-acting to a short-acting antimicrobial may have no impact on the prevalence of subclinical mastitis.     

长效土霉素注射液的急性毒性及肌肉刺激性研究

为考察新型长效土霉素注射液的安全性,分别对小白鼠和家兔进行急性毒性和局部刺激性试验。随机将60只小白鼠分为6组,每组10只,其中雌雄各半,进行急性毒性试验考察;随机将9只家兔分为3组,每组3只,进行局部刺激性试验。结果表明,该新型长效土霉素注射液小鼠肌肉注射LD 50为600.32 mg/kg,LD 50的95%的可信区间为(600.32±2.44)mg/kg;随着时间延长和给药剂量增加,刺激性增强,注射长效土霉素7 d后,家兔股四头肌出现红肿、发紫、坏死、光泽消失现象,15 d后肌肉组织的坏死范围扩大。该产品对小白鼠表现为低毒,对家兔的股四头肌有局部刺激性。     

农业绿色高质量发展期面源污染治理的思考与实践

农业是中国经济平稳发展的基石,在保障了粮食安全的同时也造成了严重的面源污染。过去10a,中国面源污染治理虽取得一定成效,但农业源的贡献仍居高不下。该研究阐述了新时期农业面源污染治理面临的挑战,结合国家农业绿色发展的重大需求,提出了以"生态循环、流域统筹"为核心的农业面源污染治理新思路;分析了农业面源污染治理的卡脖子技术,提出了以"种养结合、产业链循环"为核心的污染治理实现路径;深入探讨了农业面源污染治理运维机制不通畅的原因,提出以"农民和农业企业为主力军"的多元主体治理及运维机制;结合典型案例,阐述了农业面源污染治理的实现路径和应用效果,以期为推动中国农业农村生态环境治理体系的现代化建设提供支撑。     

不同桉树专用追肥对桉树生长的影响

[目的]筛选出更适合广西桉树生长的专用肥料,为桉树林的高产栽培提供理论依据.[方法]采用单因素完全随机区组设计,按施用肥料为长效缓释肥、桉树专用肥、桉树复混肥设3个处理,各处理养分含量投入相同,进行3年的追肥试验,测定各处理树高、胸径和平均单株材积,比较长效缓释肥与普通桉树专用肥对桉树生长的影响.[结果]施用长效缓释肥的处理树高、胸径和平均单株材积在第一次追肥1年后均优于其他两个处理,差异达显著或极显著水平;桉树专用肥处理的树高和平均单株材积在第二次追肥半年后均优于桉树复混肥处理,差异达显著水平,施用长效缓释肥对桉树生长起到最为积极的作用.[结论]在等养分含量投入施肥的情况下,长效缓释肥促进桉树生长的效果最优.     

专用肥不同施用量对直播油菜生长和产量的影响

2014年10月在武汉市开展了直播油菜长效专用配方肥的大田试验,研究不同施肥量对油菜养分、生物量及产量构成和产量的影响。结果表明,施用油菜长效专用配方肥可以显著促进养分吸收,提高油菜生物量和养分积累量,增加有效株数和单株角果数,提高油菜子产量,比不施肥对照增产4.6~11.7倍;随着施肥量的增加,直播油菜地上部生物量和养分积累量先增加,在施肥量达750 kg/hm~2后保持稳定;净利润和产投比随着施肥量的增加,先增加后减小,在施肥量为900 kg/hm~2时达到最高。对于迟直播冬油菜,适当增加施肥量,可以在一定程度上通过增加有效株数和单株角果数来达到增产的目的本试验条件下油菜长效专用配方肥的适宜用量为885 kg/hm~2。     

缓控释长效剂对黄瓜苗质量影响研究

试验研究缓控释长效剂在黄瓜穴盘育苗中的应用效果。结果表明:处理B(缓控释长效剂1 g)的黄瓜秧苗株高、茎粗均优于其它处理,干物质积累效果好,可以增大叶面积,提高秧苗叶绿素含量,同时促进黄瓜秧苗根系的生长,使根冠比及壮苗指数增大,有利于培育健壮秧苗。     

Investigation of abortions in brucellosis tested herds

The mandatory reporting and investigation of bovine abortions provides a system for the surveillance of the progress of the Brucellosis Eradication Scheme and a warning of resurgence of brucellosis in tested herds. Before the scheme was introduced in 1971, about a quarter of all abortions were caused by Brucella abortus. By 1976, the percentage of abortions due to Brucella in herds under test for brucellosis had been reduced to 3.4%. Most Brucella abortions occurred during the seventh and eighth months of gestation. Cows in the 4- to 6-year-old age group were at greater risk of aborting from Brucella infection than heifers. Approximately 94% of all aborting cows were in herds which experienced three or fewer abortions. Less than 4% of herds experienced four or more abortions annually. In most cases of abortion due to brucellosis, more than one diagnostic test yielded positive results. However, 13.3% of cases were recognised by positive bacteriological results alone.     

硝化抑制剂对海南岛几种野生蔬菜干物质积累的影响

本文探讨了含有硝化抑制剂DMPP的长效肥料ENTEC对三种野生蔬菜(苋菜、闭鞘姜、仙人掌)干物质积累的影响。结果表明:①ENTEC对闭鞘姜干物质积累有显著影响。仙人掌干物质积累较尿素处理提高26%。②三种蔬菜生长过程中均表现为ENTEC处理下的最高生长速率到达时期推迟,干物质积累主要时期延长。     

Residues from long-acting antimicrobial preparations in injection sites in cattle

Objective To investigate tissue residues of two longacting oxytetracycline (OTC) preparations in cattle.
Design A randomised drug residue trial.  

Animals

Two hundred and forty beef cattle in 24 groups of ten.
Procedure Two blind-coded 200 mg/mL OTC preparations were used in five treatment regimens of various combinations of injection sites (from one to five) and administrations (one or two). Five cattle from each group were slaughtered at 21, 30 and 60 days after injection and the injection site, urine, kidney and diaphragm muscle analysed for residues.
Results The OTC concentration exceeded the maximum residue limit in kidney in animals slaughtered 21 days after treatment, which is the prescribed withholding period. Concentration at the injection site was much greater than the maximum residue limit 30 days post-treatment, but not 45 days post-treatment. The residue was smaller when OTC had been injected in multiple sites. There was no difference between the two OTC preparations.
Conclusion A review of the maximum injection volume, site of injection and the withholding period is needed for long-acting OTC formulations.