The effects of experimentally induced fever on the estimated blood flow to and oxygen utilization by the liver and the viscera drained by the portal vein in sheep

Intrajugular injection of a purified E. coli lipopolysaccharide induced a biphasic fever in sheep after a latent period of 12 to 20 min. The changes in the blood flow from the liver and from the viscera drained by the portal vein were: (a) in the latent period, decreases in total hepatic blood flow (THF) due to decreased portal venous blood flow (PVF); (b) during the first febrile phase, increases in THF due to increased hepatic arterial blood flow and, (c) in the second febrile phase, increases in THF due to decreased PVF. Although there were large variations in the oxygen supply to the viscera drained by the portal vein and to the liver, there were relatively small or no changes in their oxygen consumption.     

Effects of continuous low dose infusion of lipopolysaccharide on inflammatory responses,milk production and milk quality in dairy cows

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of continuous low dose infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on inflammatory responses and milk production and quality in lactating dairy cows. Eight Holstein cows were assigned to two treatments in a cross‐over experimental design. Cows were infused intravenously either with saline solution or with saline solution containing LPS from Escherichia coli O111:B4 at a dose of 0.01 μg LPS/kg body weight for approximately 6 hr each day during a seven‐day trial. The clinical symptoms and milk production performance were observed. Milk samples were analysed for conventional components, fatty acids and amino acids. And jugular vein and mammary vein plasma samples were analysed for concentrations of cytokines and acute phase proteins. LPS infusion decreased feed intake and milk yield. An increase in body temperature was observed after LPS infusion. LPS infusion also increased plasma concentrations of interleukin‐1β, serum amyloid A, LPS‐binding protein, C‐reactive protein and haptoglobin. LPS infusion decreased the contents of some fatty acids, such as C17:1, C18:0, C18:1n9 (trans) and C18:2n6 (trans), and most amino acids except for methionine, threonine, histidine, cysteine, tyrosine and proline in the milk. The results indicated that a continued low dose infusion of LPS can induce an inflammatory response, decrease milk production and reduce milk quality.     

Lipopolysaccharide and cytokines modulate leukotriene (LT)B4 and LTC4 production by porcine endometrial endothelial cells

Uterine inflammatory response is mediated by inflammatory mediators including eicosanoids and cytokines produced by immune and endometrial cells. Interactions between lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cytokines, and leukotrienes (LTs) in endothelium, important for the host defence during the inflammation, are unknown. We studied the effect of LPS, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐4 and IL‐10 on 5‐lipooxygenase (5‐LO), LTA₄ hydrolase (LTAH) and LTC₄ synthase (LTCS) mRNA and protein expression, LTB₄ and LTC₄ release from porcine endometrial endothelial cells, and cell viability. For 24 hr, cells were exposed to LPS (10 or 100 ng/ml of medium) and cytokines (each 1 or 10 ng/ml). 5‐LO mRNA/protein expression augmented after incubation with larger doses of LPS, TNF‐α, IL‐4 and IL‐10 and smaller dose of IL‐1β. Larger dose of TNF‐α, smaller doses of LPS and IL‐1β and both doses of IL‐10 increased LTAH mRNA/protein expression. LTAH protein content was up‐regulated by larger dose of LPS, but it was reduced in response to both doses of IL‐4. LTCS mRNA expression was elevated by larger doses of LPS, IL‐4 and IL‐10 or both doses of TNF‐α and IL‐1β. LTCS protein level increased after treatment with both doses of IL‐1β, IL‐4 and IL‐10, smaller dose of LPS and larger dose of TNF‐α. Both doses of LPS and larger doses of TNF‐α and IL‐10 increased LTB₄ release. LPS, IL‐1β and IL‐10 at smaller doses, or TNF‐α and IL‐4 at larger doses stimulated LTC₄ release. Smaller doses of TNF‐α and IL‐1β or both doses of IL‐4 enhanced the cell viability. This work provides new insight on the participation of LPS, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐4 and IL‐10 in LTB₄ and LTC₄ production/release from porcine endometrial endothelial cells, and the effect of above factors on these cells viability. The used cellular model gives the possibility to further establish the interactions between inflammatory mediators.     

棕榈粕替代部分玉米对藏羊母羊小肠形态发育、消化酶活性及抗氧化功能的影响

试验旨在探究精料补充料中使用不同比例棕榈粕替代玉米对藏羊母羊肠道组织形态学、消化酶活性、pH、脂多糖以及抗氧化能力的影响。选取初始体重相近且健康的2～3月龄高原型藏羊母羊120只,随机分为4组,每组30只,每组6个重复,每个重复5只母羊,分别饲喂0%、15%、18%和21%水平的棕榈粕替代精料中玉米。试验期97d。结果显示：1)0%组与15%组间小肠各段的绒毛高度、绒毛宽度、隐窝深度、黏膜厚度以及绒毛高度/隐窝深度差异均不显著（P>0.05）;2)0%组空肠的α-淀粉酶、纤维素酶、脂肪酶及糜蛋白酶显著或极显著小于15%组（P<0.05或P<0.01）;3)0%组空肠的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性显著低于15%组与18%组（P<0.05）,相较于21%组差异不显著（P>0.05）;4)18%组与21%组空肠的脂多糖含量显著或极显著高于0%组（P<0.05或P<0.01）,与15%组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）。由此可见,棕榈粕可替代部分玉米饲喂藏羊母羊,推荐替代玉米的比例为15%。     

前列腺素E2和F2α对LPS刺激后奶牛子宫内膜上皮细胞COX-1和COX-2表达的影响

试验旨在阐明前列腺素E₂（prostaglandin E₂,PGE₂）和F_2α（prostaglandin F_2α,PGF_2α）对体外培养的奶牛子宫内膜上皮细胞中环氧合酶-1（cyclooxygenase-1,COX-1））与环氧合酶-2（cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2）表达的影响。培养奶牛子宫内膜上皮原代细胞和传代细胞,第4代细胞以1×10⁶个/孔接种于6孔板,以10^-7mol/L PGE₂和PGF_2α分别预处理细胞24 h,以100 ng/mL细菌脂多糖（lipopolysaccharides,LPS）刺激细胞4、8和12 h后分别提取RNA和总蛋白质,采用实时荧光定量PCR与Western blotting等技术检测COX-1与COX-2 mRNA和蛋白质的表达量。结果表明,与对照组相比,COX-1 mRNA表达量在PGE₂单独作用4、8和12 h后显著上调（P<0.05）;COX-2 mRNA表达量在PGE₂单独作用4和12 h后显著上调（P<0.05）,PGE₂单独处理使COX-1、COX-2蛋白表达量均显著上调（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,LPS刺激8和12 h时COX-1 mRNA表达量显著下调（P<0.05）,LPS刺激后COX-1蛋白表达量无显著变化（P>0.05）;LPS刺激后4、8和12 h时COX-2 mRNA表达量显著上调（P<0.05）,LPS刺激后COX-2蛋白表达量显著上调（P<0.05）。与LPS单独处理组相比,LPS+PGE₂处理组在8和12 h时COX-1和COX-2 mRNA表达量均显著上调（P<0.05）,同时COX-1和COX-2蛋白表达量也显著上调（P<0.05）。PGF_2α在LPS未刺激和刺激后对COX-1和COX-2 mRNA的表达无显著影响（P>0.05）,仅在PGF_2α单独处理8和12 h后COX-1 mRNA表达量上调（P<0.05）。两种激素联合处理与各自单独处理及LPS单独刺激相比,对COX-1和COX-2 mRNA表达具有一定的协同诱导作用。     

壳寡糖对脂多糖诱导猪空肠上皮细胞氧化损伤的作用

本试验旨在通过脂多糖(LPS)诱导猪空肠上皮细胞(IPEC-J2)来建立氧化应激模型,探讨壳寡糖(COS)的抗氧化作用效果。采用噻唑蓝(MTT)法检测LPS和COS对IPEC-J2作用12、24、48 h后细胞增殖活性的变化;选择适宜浓度LPS(1.0μg/m L)和COS(200μg/m L)作用于IPEC-J2,分为对照组、LPS组、COS组、LPS+COS组。采用Western Blot法检测核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)、血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)蛋白的表达;试剂盒检测超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)的含量。结果表明:1.0μg/m L的LPS对IPEC-J2作用24 h,细胞增殖的抑制率为41.6%,为造模的最适浓度和作用时间;COS在一定浓度范围内对IPEC-J2有增殖作用,其浓度为200μg/m L时效果最佳,作用时间为24 h时,细胞增殖率达到126.3%。LPS+COS组较对照组的SOD、CAT活性和M DA含量差异不显著(P0.05),Nrf2和HO-1蛋白相对表达量显著升高(P0.05);LPS+COS组较LPS组的Nrf2蛋白相对表达量显著升高(P0.05),HO-1有升高趋势,但差异不显著(P0.05),SOD、CAT活性显著升高(P0.05),M DA含量显著降低(P0.05)。由此可见,LPS诱导IPEC-J2氧化应激,而COS可进一步促进Nrf2和HO-1蛋白的高表达,并提高抗氧化酶的活性,降低氧化产物含量,从而增强细胞对氧化应激的抵抗力,起到保护作用。     

体外法研究脂多糖对瘤胃发酵的影响

本试验旨在通过体外法研究脂多糖(LPS)对瘤胃发酵的影响。选取4头健康、体况相近、安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛用于瘤胃液的采集。试验分为对照组(不添加LPS)和试验组(添加LPS 100 000 EU/m L),分别在发酵2、4、8、12、24 h后取样,测定发酵液p H及挥发性脂肪酸、氨态氮、微生物蛋白浓度。结果表明:随着发酵时间的延长,对照组与试验组发酵液p H逐渐下降,发酵液总挥发性脂肪酸、氨态氮、微生物蛋白浓度及乙酸、丙酸、丁酸含量逐渐增加,对照组与试验组之间均无显著差异(P0.05),但在8、24 h试验组发酵液p H与对照组相比有降低的趋势(0.05≤P0.10),4、8、24 h试验组氨态氮浓度与对照组相比有降低的趋势(0.05≤P0.10)。结果显示,在体外发酵条件下,添加LPS具有降低发酵液p H以及氨态氮浓度的趋势,但这一影响并不显著。     

天冬氨酸对脂多糖刺激断奶仔猪生长性能、血细胞分类计数和血液生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究天冬氨酸(ASP)对脂多糖(LPS)刺激断奶仔猪生长性能、血细胞分类计数和血液生化指标的影响。试验选用24头断奶仔猪,分为对照组、LPS组、LPS+0.5%ASP组(0.5%ASP)、LPS+1.0%ASP组(1.0%ASP)。结果表明:0.5%和1.0%ASP可缓解LPS刺激导致的日增重的降低(P<0.05);注射LPS 4 h后,0.5%或1.0%ASP可显著缓解LPS刺激导致的淋巴细胞比例、血小板数量的降低和嗜酸性粒细胞比例的升高,增加红细胞平均血红蛋白(HGB)浓度(P<0.05);注射LPS 24 h后,0.5%和1.0%ASP可显著缓解嗜中性粒细胞数量、嗜中性粒细胞比例的升高和淋巴细胞比例的降低(P<0.05);0.5%或1.0%ASP可显著缓解LPS刺激引起的谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、尿素氮、血糖的升高和谷丙转氨酶/谷草转氨酶的降低(P<0.05)。结果显示,ASP缓解了LPS刺激所导致的生长抑制和应激反应。     

儿茶素的药理作用研究综述

目的研究表儿茶素(EC)对小鼠急性肺损伤(ALI)炎症反应的调节作用。方法采用吸入式气管滴注法在BALB/c小鼠中建立ALI模型,H8LE染色观察肺组织病理学变化,并结合基于超高效液相色谱与四极杆—飞行时间质谱联用技术(HILIC UHPLC-Q-TOF MS)的非靶向代谢组学方法对小鼠肺组织进行研究。结果对比空白对照组,LPS处理后的小鼠肺组织发生严重的炎症变化,而EC预处理组炎症现象比LPS组轻。经肺组织代谢轮廓分析发现：二十羟基花生四烯酸、色氨酸、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸、ATP、磷酸胆碱、二十碳四烯酸、磷酸、烯醇和二磷酸葡萄糖等差异物与小鼠急性肺损伤内源性代谢密切相关,且涉及甘油酯代谢、糖酵解、甘油磷脂代谢、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸生物合成、抗坏血酸代谢和胆碱代谢等6条代谢路径。结论运用代谢组学方法探讨了EC干预小鼠ALI的差异代谢物变化情况,为表儿茶素抗炎特性的研究提供了理论依据。